Define organization of drugs by classification, various names, and prototypes.

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

the study of the biological effects of chemicals

Question 2

Nurse Responsibility

Answer 2

• Administering drug
• Assessing drug effects
• Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
• Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drug regimen
• Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors

Question 3

Therapeutic Classification

Answer 3

Based on therapeutic usefulness in treating specific diseases or disorders
i.e. Antianginal

Question 4

Pharmacological Classification

Answer 4

Mechanism of action; how the drug works at the molecular, tissue, or body system level

Question 5

Example of Pharmacological Classification

Answer 5

Calcium channel blocker

mechanism of action “blocks heart calcium channels”

Question 6

“Prototype” Drug

Answer 6

serves as model for a drug class

Question 7

Generic Name

Answer 7

Chemicals that are produced by companies solely involved in the manufacturing of drugs

generic: ibuprofen
brand: Advil

Question 8

trade names

Answer 8

generic: ibuprofen
trade: advil, midol, motrin, rufen

Question 9

Sources for Drug Information

Answer 9

• Drug labels
• Package Inserts
• Reference books

Question 10

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 10

Interaction between the chemical components of living systems and foreign chemicals that enter the body

Question 11

Drug Actions (4)

Answer 11

1. Replace or act as a substitute for missing chemicals
2. Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
3. Depress or slow cellular activities
4. Interfere with the functioning of “foreign” cells

Question 12

Pharmacodynamic Receptor Sites

Answer 12

• Agonists
• Partial agonists
• Competitive antagonists
• Noncompetitive antagonists

Question 13

Agonist

Answer 13

• Bind to receptor
• Produce greater maximal response as endogenous chemical (naturally induced in the body)

video ref: the man

Question 14

Partial Agonist

Answer 14

• Bind to recepter
• weaker, less effective response

video ref: little boy

Question 15

Competitive antagonist

Answer 15

• COMPETE to occupy cell receptor
• prevent endogenous chemical from acting
• usually competes with agonist for receptor

video ref: the caterpillar

Question 16

Noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 16

• inhibit the effects of an agonist by changing pharmacokinetic factors

Question 17

What happens when drug receptor binding becomes saturated ?

Answer 17

• All available receptors are occupied
• increasing dug concentration WON’T INCREASE therapeutic effect
• WILL INCREASE risk of adverse effects

Question 18

Drug-drug interactions

Answer 18

addition: drugs taken together as a total (1+1 = 2)

synergism: action of drug resulting in more than total (1+1 = >2)

antagonism: together with blocked opposite effect (1+1 <2)

displacement: one drug may shift another drug at a non specific protein binding site, altering desired effect

Question 19

Drug-enzyme interactions

Answer 19

Drug interferes with enzyme system to inhibit a reaction from occurring

Question 20

Selective toxicity

Answer 20

drug is toxic to an organism but not to human cells

Question 21

How does a drug move through the body ? (4)

Answer 21

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion

Question 22

Absorption

Answer 22

• movement of a substance from its site of administration, across body membrane to circulating fluids

Question 23

Bioavailability

Answer 23

how much of a drug actually gets into the bloodstream and can start working in the body

Question 24

Distribution

Answer 24

• transport of drugs throughout the body
• amount of blood flow to body tissues
• physical props.
• lipid solubility
• cant cross capillary membranes
• areas like bone marrow, teeth, eyes, and fat can strongly attract some drugs

Question 25

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Answer 25

- liver is primary site - chemically converting drug to a form that is easily removed from the body - kidney and cells of intestinal tract also have hight rates

Question 26

first-pass effect

Answer 26

- drug is absorbed - enters hepatic circulation to liver - metabolized to inactive form - conjugates and leaves liver - distributed to general circulation

Question 27

excretion

Answer 27

- kidney primary site of excretion (urine) - can also happen through lungs, skin, feces

Question 28

renal clearance

Answer 28

clearance of drugs the elimination of drugs from circulation by all routes - affects the time a drug remains in the body and dosage required

Question 29

Creatine clearance

Answer 29

24 hour urine test 85-135 ml/min

Question 30

other labs for renal clearance

Answer 30

(GFR): Serum blood draw - 90-120mL/min/1.73m2 * Serum Creatinine: 0.6 1.2mg/dL males 0.5-1.1mg/dL females * BUN: 7-20mg/dL

Question 31

other sites of excretion

Answer 31

respiratory sys. - gaseous form glands - saliva, sweat, breast milk biliary system - bile

Question 32

onset of drug

Answer 32

amount of time it takes to produce a therapeutic effect after drug administration

Question 33

peak plasma level

Answer 33

medication has reached its highest concentration in the bloodstream

Question 34

duration of drug action

Answer 34

amount of time a drug maintains its therapeutic effect

Question 35

plasma half-llife

Answer 35

length of time required for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by one-half after administration

Question 36

Minimum effective concentration (critical)

Answer 36

amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect

Question 37

Toxic concentration

Answer 37

level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects

Question 38

Therapeutic range

Answer 38

plasma drug concentration between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration

Question 39

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

Answer 39

- Measures the margin of safety of a drug - if index is low need to closely monitor and vice versa

Question 40

loading dose

Answer 40

higher amount of drug, often given once or twice to ”prime” the bloodstream with a sufficient level

Question 41

matinence dose

Answer 41

given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range

Question 42

peak drug level

Answer 42

highest amount of drug in the blood at this time shows how fast drug is being absorbed and blood test taken

Question 43

trough drug level

Answer 43

lowest plasma, measures when drug is eliminated blood work before next dose

Question 44

Adverse effects

Answer 44

undesired effects that can be unpleasant or dangerous

Question 45

reason for adverse effects

Answer 45

- other drugs in system - sensitive - too much too little

Question 46

typers of adverse effects

Answer 46

- primary action: overdose; extension of desired effect -secondary actions: undesired produce din addition to pharmacological effect - drug allergy: body forms antibodies to drug

Question 47

stomatitis

Answer 47

inflammation of the mucous membranes

Question 48

superinfections

Answer 48

normal flora exist within or on the surface of the body and in the GI tract

Question 49

blood dyscrasia

Answer 49

bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects