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Physics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

selective ion channels

A

-allow passage of 1 type of ion
-negative charge at entrance
-transport rate 106-108 ions.sec
3 types:
Voltage gated: dependent on membrane potentials
Ligand sensitive: ligand binds to channels & allows passage
Mechanosensitive channel: tension gated?

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2
Q

Aquaporins

A

rapid passage of water

13 family members

not present in prokaryotes

diameter 0.3 nm (H2O is 0.1nm)

transport rate: 109 molecules/sec)

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3
Q

Pores

A

less specific, formed by transmembrane proteins

often in gap junctions

form a water filled pore

LARGER THAN IONIC CHANNELS (1.2 nm)

allow passage of HYDROPHILIC solutes (cations, ATP, cAMP, IP3)

gating controlled by calcium, H+, voltage, and anesthetics

Transport rate 103 molecules/sec

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4
Q

Lipophilic (lipid soluble)

A

non polar-non ionized, cross membrane via direct diffusion at any place ex: lipids, 02, CO2

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5
Q

Hydrophilic (water soluble)

A

polar- ionized, cross through selective ion channels that are made of integral proteins. ex: Na, K, Ca, amino acids, glucose

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6
Q

Know how to calculate pH in interstitial space

A

E.g. If the pH of blood is 7.4, and the pH of a tissue is 6.5, answer will be a number between 6.5-7.4

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7
Q

How to calculate partial pressure

A

multiple mmHg by the percentage of the gas concentration

Example:

If at sea level, there’s 80% nitrogen in the air, what is the partial pressure?

Answer: 608 mmHg

If the question was worded in 2 ATM (then you’ll solve for mmHg for multiplying 760mmHg X2).

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8
Q

an agent that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion

A

Force

measured in newtons (N)

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9
Q

Newton is a force that _____

A

gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration 1 m/s2

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10
Q

force applied to a surface

A

Pressure

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11
Q

Density of water

A

1.000 (gm/cm3​)

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12
Q

Density of Air

A

0.0012 (gm/cm3​)

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13
Q

Density of globular protein and plastic

A

1.4 (gm/cm3​)

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14
Q

a pressure of 1 newton over an area of 1 square meter

A

1 pascal

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15
Q

The rate of position change (Length) in timme or change of position/time

A

velocity

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16
Q

Change of velocity in time

A

Acceleration

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17
Q

an agent that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion

A

Force

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18
Q

_____ is a force that gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration 1 m/s2

A

Newton

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19
Q

the force applied to a surface

A

pressure

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20
Q

Density of water is

A

1 g/cm3

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21
Q

Density of mercury is

A

13.6 g/cm3

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22
Q

Force acting upon the object causing a displacement is defined as ___

A

work

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23
Q

Ability of a physical system to do work

A

energy

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24
Q

Different forms of energy

A

Potential

Kinetic

Electromagnetic

Thermal

Chemical

Elastic

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25
Q

the rate at which work is done, or energy is transferred

A

power

power is measured in the watt (W)

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26
Q

the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale=?

A

Kelvin

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27
Q

Solids and fluids can experience changes in expansion that directly correlate with the temperature change. Substances expand when heated and contract as they cool.

A

Thermal Expansion

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28
Q

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1oC.

A

Specific heat capacity

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29
Q

transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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30
Q

transfer of heat by direct contact

A

Conduction

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31
Q

transfer of heat by air

A

Convection

32
Q

transfer of heat by sweating

A

Evaporation

33
Q

Importance of Kelvin temperature in gas physics is that Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to ____

A

its kinetic energy. Thus, when Kelvin temperature increases 2 times it will correspond to doubling of the kinetic energy of gases.

34
Q

The volume of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to pressure.

A

The first gas law Boyle’s Law (Boyle-Mariotte Law)

35
Q

The volume of a gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature.

A

The second gas law Charles Law/Gay-Lussac’s Law

36
Q

The pressure of a gas at constant volume is proportional to its absolute temperature.

A

The third gas law (Gays)

37
Q

Equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of pressure and temperature contain equal amounts of molecules.

A

Avogadro’s Law

38
Q

Real gases do not follow precisely the ideal gas. In ideal gas molecules do not occupy space, do not repel, or attract other molecules. In reality gasses occupy a volume and there are molecular interaction forces. Two constants were introduced – a and b. The constants a and b have positive values, and are specific for the gas.

A

Van der Waals Equation

39
Q

Gases can be converted to lipids by compressing gas at a specific temperature. With the increase of temperature, kinetic energy of gas molecules increase and it will be more difficult or impossible to convert gas to liquid. Critical temperature of any gas is the temperature at which (or above) it is impossible to convert gas into liquid despite any applied pressure.

A

Critical Temperature

40
Q

Important facts about water

A
  1. WATER MOLECULES ARE POLAR (O2 electronegative; hydrogen atoms – electropositive)
  2. Angle – 104.50
  3. Covalent bonds - 0.10 nm, and hydrogen bonds – 0.27 nm
  4. MAXIMUM DENSITY (1 g/cm3) AT 4 C. At 0 C at an angle 109.50 density is 0.92 g/cm3
  5. HIGH SURFACE TENSION
  6. UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
  7. IMPORTANT REACTANT
  8. IMPORTANT IN PROCESSES OF HYDROLYSIS
  9. IMPORTANT IN CUSHIONING
  10. IMPORTANT IN ABSORPTION OF RADIATION
  11. TEMPERATURE STABILIZER
    - HIGH BOILING POINT
    - HIGH HEAT OF EVAPORATION
41
Q

0.10 nm

50-70 kcal/mol

A

Covalent bonds

42
Q

0.27 nm

1-4 kcal/mol

A

Hydrogen bonds

43
Q

Substance dissolved in liquid

A

solute

44
Q

Liquid

A

solvent

45
Q

used to express the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in biological fluids and tissues. pH is a negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen protons [H+].

A

pH

46
Q

Normal pH of plasma

A

7.4

47
Q

Organism produces significant amount of H+ as a result of ___

A

metabolism

48
Q

pH of body fluids

A
  • Gastric secretions 1
  • Vaginal secretions 3-4
  • Urine 4-8
  • Blood 7.36-7.4
  • Saliva 6.5
  • Semen 7.4
  • Cerebrospinal fluid 7.4

Pancreatic juice 8

49
Q

Buffering Systems

A

Chemical buffering system (First Line of Defense)

Operates in < 1 second

Respiratory system (Second Line of Defense)

Operates in minutes

Renal system (Third Line of Defense – the most powerful )

Operates in hours to days

50
Q

Hydrogen atom diameter

A

0.1 nM

51
Q

Water molecule diameter

A

0.1 nM

52
Q

Glucose diameter

A

1nM

53
Q

Insulin diameter

A

5nM

54
Q

Wavelength of visible light diameter

A

350-750 nM

55
Q

Diamter of Bacteria / Mitochondria

A

1000 (1 µm)

56
Q

Diamter of Eukaryotic cell

A

10000 (10 µm)

57
Q

Diamter of HIV virus

A

100nM

58
Q

Diameter of Hepatitis virus

A

30 nM

59
Q

Typical proteins are from __ to ___

A

2nm to 10 nm

60
Q

a random process of movement of any molecules (solid, liquid, or gas) from one location to another through the random thermal motion.

A

diffusion

61
Q

The amount of substance crossing biological membrane in a time is called

A

flux

62
Q

The net flux between two compartments is always __

A

from an area of higher concentration of any substance to an area of lower concentration.

63
Q

Diffusion of a molecule across biological membrane depends upon ___

A

molecular weight of the substance.

Thus, heavier molecules diffuse slower than lighter molecules.

64
Q

regulates exchange of different substances between the cell and the interstitial fluid. Substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, products of metabolism, microelements and vitamins) have different size, shape and molecular weight.

A

Plasma membrane

65
Q

1 mole of glucose = ___

A

180G

66
Q

1 mole of H20 = __

A

18 G

67
Q

1 mole NaCl = __

A

58 G

68
Q

1 mole of a drug = __

A

100-1,000 G

69
Q

1 mole insulin = ___

A

6,000 G

70
Q

1 mole of a plasma protein = ___

A

60,000-90,000 g

71
Q

1 mole of Isoflurane = ___

A

184.5 G

72
Q

Critical Temperature & Critical Pressure of O2

A
  • 118C
    49. 7atm

“At -118C, it would take 49.7atm of pressure to convert O2 from a gas to a liquid”

73
Q

Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of CO2

A

31.2C

73atm

74
Q

Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of NH3

A

132C

111.5atm

75
Q

Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of H20

A

374C

217.7atm

76
Q

Substances with high permeability

A

O2

CO2

H2O

Anesthetic gasses

Physics (4 decks)

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