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Pe Paper 1: Section B > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill?

A

The learned ability to bring about a pre determined result, with a minimum outlay of time, energy, or both

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2
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill not affected by external factors

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3
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill affected by external factors

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4
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill performed using the larger muscle groups.
E.g. A tackle in rugby or boxer throwing a punch

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5
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill in which smaller muscle groups are used to make fine adjustments to the action.
E.g. putting spin on a bowl in cricket or spin on a table tennis serve

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6
Q

What is a self paced skill?

A

The person performing the skill performs the skill with no added pressure

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7
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

Where the person on the receiving end of the skill must respond in line with whatever is sent to them

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8
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

A skill with a clear start and end.
E.g. header in football

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9
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

A skill where the athlete can choose when to start and end the skill.
E.g. dribbling in football

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10
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

A skill where there is a clear routing that can be broken down into parts.
E.g. a routine in trampolining

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11
Q

What is a low organised skill?

A

A skill that is easily broken down into parts.
E.g. swimming techniques

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12
Q

What is a high organised skill?

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts.
E.g. golf swing

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13
Q

What is a simple skill?

A

A skill that needs limited decisions to be processed during its execution.
E.g. forward roll

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14
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill where there is many decisions to make with variable information to take in and process.
E.g. dribbling in hockey

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15
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

When learning one skill aids the learning and performance of another.
E.g. shooting in netball- shooting in basketball

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16
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

When having learned one skill makes the learning of the second skill more difficult.
E.g. badminton serve- tennis serve

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17
Q

What is zero transfer?

A

When learning one skill has no effect on the performance/ learning of another skill.
E.g passing in football- rowing

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18
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

When the learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the opposite limb
E.g. passing the ball with right foot- passing the ball with left foot

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19
Q

What is whole practice?

A

Performing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub routines

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20
Q

What is whole part whole practice?

A

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together

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21
Q

What is progressive part practice (chaining) ?

A

Where the first part of the skill is taught, then the rest of the parts are added in sequence

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22
Q

What is massed practice?

A

No rest intervals during the practice session

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23
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Rest intervals are given during the practice session

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24
Q

What is varied practice?

A

Changing the practice type and the practice drills

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25
What is mental practice?
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
26
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
The beginners level of skill acquisition
27
What is the associative stage of learning?
Performer begins to understand requirements of the skill- consistency builds
28
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
Performer is consistent and effective- skills are accurate and performed with little effort
29
What is feedback?
Information to aid error correction
30
What is positive feedback?
Encouragement
31
What is negative feedback?
Error correction
32
What is extrinsic feedback?
From an outside source
33
What is intrinsic feedback?
From within
34
What is knowledge of results?
Concerns the outcome
35
What is a process goal?
About technique
36
What is a plateau?
A period of no improvement in performance
37
What is drive reduction?
An end of task period when performance may get worse
38
What is visual guidance?
Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration
39
What is verbal guidance?
Using words to explain a task
40
What is manual guidance?
Physically supporting a performer during a movement
41
What is mechanical guidance?
Using artificial aids to help a performance
42
What is operant conditioning?
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
43
What is behaviourist theory?
This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli
44
What is a satisfier?
An action that prompts a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated
45
What is an annoyer?
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses
46
What is positive reinforcement?
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond
47
What is negative reinforcement?
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response- strengthens stimulus response bond
48
What is punishment?
An unpleasant stimulus being added to prevent incorrect actions recurring- stimulus response bond is weakened
49
What is observational learning (Bandura) ?
Learning through observation and copying of others
50
What is attention?
Making the demonstration attractive to the performer
51
What is retention?
Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it
52
What is motor production?
Having the mental and physical ability to do the task
53
What is motivation?
Having the drive to do the task
54
What is social development theory (Vygotsky) ?
Learning through observation with others
55
What is inter psychological learning?
Learning from others externally
56
What is intra psychological learning?
Learning from within after gaining knowledge externally from others- occurs after inter psychological learning
57
What is constructivism (Vygotsky) ?
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance
58
What is the zone of proximal development?
The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance
59
What is insight learning
Using past experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
60
What is kinesthesis?
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
61
What is selective attention?
Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
62
What are stimuli?
The important and relevant items of information from the display
63
What is the central executive?
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses three other systems to control all information moving in and out of the memory system
64
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the environment
65
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
66
What is the episodic buffer?
Responsible for coordinating the work of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad into sequences sent from long term memory
67
What is the long term memory?
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
68
What is chunking?
Breaking the skilled action into parts or sub routines
69
What is a motor programme?
A movement stored in the long term memory that specify the components of a skill
70
What are initial conditions?
Information from the environment
71
What are response specifications?
Information about what to do
72
What is a recall schema?
Initiates movement, comes before the action
73
What is a recognition schema?
Controls movement, happens during the action
74
What are sensory consequences?
Information about the feel of the movement
75
What are response outcomes?
Feedback about the result
76
What is reaction time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response
77
What is movement time?
The time taken to complete the task
78
What is response time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task. Response time= reaction time + movement time
79
What is hicks law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
80
What is the psychological refractory period?
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
81
What is anticipation?
Pre judging a stimulus
82
What is temporal anticipation?
Predicting when it is going to happen
83
What is spatial anticipation?
Predicting where and what is going to happen

Pe Paper 1: Section B (16 decks)

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