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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

neutral balance

A

dietary intake plus endogenous production exactly matches excretion

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2
Q

positive balance

A

intake plus endogenous production > excretion

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3
Q

negative balance

A

intake plus negative balance

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4
Q

reabsorption

A

tubules to peritubular capillaries of water and solutes

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5
Q

secretion

A

peritubular capillaries of solutes only

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6
Q

apical membrane

A

luminal: urinary space
transport proteins: reabsorption and secretion
villi and microvilli increase SA
tight junctions

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7
Q

basolateral membrane

A

exposed to interstitium

abundant Na-K ATPase

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8
Q

paracellular transport

A

through tight junctions between cells

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9
Q

transcellular transport

A

through cells

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10
Q

claudin 2

A

protein that makes up tight junctions on luminal membrane

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11
Q

aquaporins

A

channels to transport H2O when simple diffusion is inadequate
PT and TDLH

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12
Q

proximal nephron

A

PCT to end of cortical TALH (macula densa)

bulk reabsorption

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13
Q

distal nephron

A

DCT, connecting tubules, cortical and medullary collecting duct
fine tuning and steep gradients

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14
Q

aquaporin 2

A

DT
luminal membrane
H20 reabsorption
vasopressin sensitive

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15
Q

aquaporin 4/5

A

PT (Wall said 3/4 in CD)
baoslateral
H2O to circulation

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16
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent osmosis

proportional to [osmotically active particles]

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17
Q

dehydration

A

loss of water

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18
Q

aquaporin 1

A

PT
luminal
H20 reabsorption

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19
Q

SGLT1

A

active: coupoled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
intestines and kidney

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20
Q

SGLT2

A

active: coupled to Na electrochemical potential gradient
completely reabsorbed until reaches threshold: 200-220 mg/dL
Na/glucose cotransporter
luminal
kidney

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21
Q

filtrate

A

similar to plasma without large proteins and cells

more anions due to Gibbs Donnan

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22
Q

myogenic autoregulation

A

direct stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle

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23
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback autoregulation

A

macula densa senses NaCl and alters resistance of afferent arteriole

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24
Q

autoregulation of GFR

A
  1. myogenic
  2. tubuloglomerular
    juxtaglomerular apparatus has a role
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25
sweating
hypotonic (half isotonic)
26
diarrhea
isotonic | HCO3 excretion
27
vomiting
isotonic | acid excretion
28
neural stretch receptors
large veins respond to mechanical stretch AVP/ADH release; regulates renal Na excretion (NK2Cl channel)
29
atrial stretch receptors
atria respond to distention central signal through vagus AVP secretion, SNS firing to kidney and CV, ANP secretion
30
arterial baroreceptors
arteries respond to increase in BP or PP AVP secretion
31
nitrites in urine
bacteria reduce nitrates to nitrites | UTI
32
bilirubin in urine
liver issues
33
ketones in urine
DKA, fasting, AKA
34
glucose in urine
hyperglycemia or proximal tubular defect
35
leukocyte esterase
neutrophil specific enzyme | UTI
36
spot urine: ratio of urine protein / creatinine (mg/dl)
estimate of quantitative proteinuria | ratio = gm/24 hour
37
RBC in urine
pos. dipstick can be due to RBC in urinary sediment or free hemoglobin and myoglobin
38
renal hematuria
dipstick pos., RBC's in sediment (some dysmorphic), RBC casts, absence of clots, proteinuria
39
non-renal hematuria
dipstick pos., RBC's in sediment, NO RBC casts, clots my be present, no heavy proteinuria
40
WBC's in urine
UTI, pyelonephritis, allergic interstitial nephritis, intense glomerulonephritis
41
hyaline cast
normal
42
Tamm-Horsfall protein
produced by TALH cells, forms matrix of all casts
43
waxy cast
chronic
44
renal tubular epithelial cell cast
acute kidney injury, acute tubular necrosis
45
fatty cast
nephrotic syndrome
46
lamina lucida (rara) interna
BM | close to endothelium
47
lamina densa
middle layer of BM | fusion of lamina dens of endothelial and epithelial BM
48
lamina rara externa
BM | close to epithelial cells
49
filtration slit
space between two pedicels
50
slit pore diaphragm
thin structure bridging filtration slit | contains: cadherin, FAT, nephrin, podicin
51
cadherin
slit pore diaphragm protein secreted by podocytes binds adjacent pedicels
52
FAT protein
slit pore diaphragm protein secreted by podocytes binds adjacent pedicels
53
nephrin
slit pore diaphragm protein secreted by podocytes role in filtration mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome
54
podocin
slit pore diaphragm protein secreted by podocytes role in filatration mutation: congenital nephrotic syndrome
55
perlecan
proteoglycan that contains heparan sulfate of GBM
56
entactin
glycoprotein with Ca binding properties
57
laminin
family of complex glycoproteins formed by 3 different chains
58
type IV collagen
major component of BM | composed of 3 alpha chains in helices
59
non-collagenous (NC) domain
non-helical globular domain of collagen made of alpha chains | mutation: Goodpasture's
60
effective circulating volume (ECV)
look at BP | fullness and tension in arterial tree (15% of total blood volume)
61
PHEX gene
downregulates FGF-23
62
FGF-23
decreases activity of phosphate transporter | decrease phosphate reabsorption, reduce 1alpha hydroxylase
63
WBC cast
nephritic, UTI
64
RBC cast
nephritic
65
granular cast
tubular damage
66
oliguria
less than 400 ml urine in 24 hours
67
anuria
less than 100 ml urine in 24 hours
68
TRPV6
enterocyte Ca channel | luminal
69
Ca-ATPase
basolateral side of enterocyte | Ca into blood
70
intestinal Na/Ca exchanger
enterocyte; basolateral | extremely high calcium in cell causes Ca to leave cell into blood
71
calcitriol
activated vit. D binds Vit. D receptor controls passive influx and efflux of Ca in enterocyte decreases PTH
72
TRPV5
apical epithelial Ca channel in kidney
73
calcium sensing receptor (CaSR)
activated by Ca stimulates PLC, increasing IP3 with mobilizes intracellular Ca INHIBITS PTH, stimulates calcitonin decreased Ca: stimulates PTH
74
Na/Pi cotransport
enterocyte luminal Pi into cell Pi into blood by passive diffusion or anion exchange
75
24/25-hydroxylase (CYP24)
inactivates Vit. D
76
M235T
variant in angiotensiongen gene, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, B2-adrenergic receptor candidates for essential HTN
77
Guyton's theory
essential HTN due to inability of kidneys to excrete Na impairment in pressure-natriuresis pro: normal BV despite elevated pressure con: ignores ANS in development of HTN, doesn't explain increase BP in prehypertension where increase CO is driven by SNS
78
Brenner's theory
essential HTN due to reduced nephron mass
79
Laragh's theory
essential HTN due to Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
80
Ouabiain
inhibits Na/K ATPase

SS- Renal (11 decks)

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