Substances

Question 1

inulin

Answer 1

measures ECF

measures GFR

Question 2

(131) I- albumin

Answer 2

measures plasma

Question 3

Evan’s Blue Dye

Answer 3

measures plasma

Question 4

antipyrene

Answer 4

measures TBW

Question 5

(2) or (3) H20

heavy water

Answer 5

measures TBW

Question 6

thiosulfate

Answer 6

measures ECF

Question 7

Na+ probe

Answer 7

measures ECF

Question 8

erythropoietin

Answer 8

increase RBC

Question 9

1-alpha hydroxylase

Answer 9

produces active Vit. D (calcitriol)

Question 10

renin

Answer 10

converts alpha2 globulin into angiotensin I

Question 11

bradykinin

Answer 11

vasodilation

Question 12

PGE2

Answer 12

vasodilate afferent arteriole

increase GFR

Question 13

NO

Answer 13

vasodilator

increase GFR

Question 14

endothelin-1

Answer 14

potent vasoconstrictor: constrict afferent and efferent and decrease GFR
produced in endothelial injury

Question 15

angiotensin II

Answer 15

1. vasoconstrictor: reduces GFR and opposes autoregulation
2. stimulates aldosterone
3. enhances PT Na reabsorption (Na/H antiporter activation)
4. augments SNS
5. vasopressin secretion
6. contraction of mesangial cells which decreases glomerular capillary SA and reduces permeability
   binds AT1 and AT2

Question 16

aldosterone

Answer 16

secreted from adrenal cortex
acts on: principal cells in CD
Na reabsorption, K secretion
MOA: binds to cytoplasmic receptor, moves to nucleus and stimulates NaK-ATPase and stimulates ENac to move Na into cell, lumen becomes negative stimulating ROMK for K secretion
increases: Na/Cl cotransporter; synthesis Kreb enzymes (ATP synthesis); basolateral SA

Question 17

insulin

Answer 17

degraded by kidney
moves K into cells: stimulates Na/H exchanger (Na into cell) wich in turn stimulates Na/K ATPase
Tx: hyperkalemia

Question 18

creatinine

Answer 18

measure GFR

10% secretion = overestimates GFR

Question 19

Para-aminohippurate (PAH)

Answer 19

measure renal plasma flow

filtered and actively secreted (completely in one pass)

Question 20

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 20

cell: converts H2O + CO2 to H2CO3
lumen: converts H2CO3 to H2O + CO2

Question 21

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 21

DCT: conserve Ca
PCT: decreases Na/PO4 cotransporter: increases PO4 excretion
stimulate 1-alphahydroxylase
decreases PTH: Ca, calcitriol, FGF23
increases PTH: high phosphorus, low Ca, FGF23

Question 22

Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 22

medullary CD
increase NaCl excretion (renal vessel: dilate afferent and constrict efferent); inhibits reabsorption (tubules); inhibits aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
does not alter K secretion

Question 23

vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 23

secreted from posterior pituitary
responds to increase plasma osmolality and pressure (ECFV: if severe decrease, overrides plasma osmolarity)
binds V2
inserts urea channels in cells of inner medullary CD to pack more urea into interstitium

Question 24

V2

Answer 24

receptor on epithelial cells in CD basolateral membrane
cAMP pathway, PKA
inserts aquaporin 2 into luminal membrane of CD

Question 25

Na

Answer 25

impermeable to cell membrane

Question 26

urea

Answer 26

permeable to cell membrane

Question 27

water

Answer 27

permeable to cell membrane

Question 28

glycerol

Answer 28

slowly permeable to cell membrane

Question 29

adrenaline/epinephrine

Answer 29

vasoconstrictor: preferential afferent decrease GFR moves K into cells: stimulate Na/K ATPase through B receptor

Question 30

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 30

cleaves angiotensin I into angiotensin II in kidney and lung

Question 31

phosphate

Answer 31

urinary buffer for acidic urine | accounts for max H excretion of 10-40 mEq daily

Question 32

B blocker

Answer 32

impairs hormonal Na/K ATPase: elevated K in ECF

Question 33

alpha receptor

Answer 33

inhibits Na/K ATPase

Question 34

bicarbonate

Answer 34

increase K uptake into cell | Tx: hyperkalemia

Question 35

V1

Answer 35

vascular cells of medulla regulate renal blood flow

Question 36

AT1

Answer 36

angiontensin II receptor | mediates angiotensin II actions on vessels and renal tubules

Question 37

calcitonin

Answer 37

Ca into bones