Definitions Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Abscess
A
Localised form of acute purulent inflammation forming a pus filled cavity.
2
Q
Adenocarcinoma
A
Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.
3
Q
Adenoma
A
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.
4
Q
Adhesion
A
Abnormal band of connective tissue fixing serosal membranes to each other.
5
Q
Agenesis
A
Failure of an organ to form during embryogenesis.
6
Q
Amyloidosis
A
Abnormal accumulation of specific extracellular proteins causing hardening, enlargement and malfunction of the involved organ.
7
Q
Anaplasia
A
Lack of differentiation in malignant tumor.
8
Q
Aneurysm
A
Abnormal permanent dilatation of a blood vessel or part of a heart chamber.
9
Q
Aplasia
A
Failure of growth of a tissue.
10
Q
Apoptosis
A
Programmet cell death, occuring in normal or pathological individual cells.
11
Q
Arteriosclerosis
A
Hardening of the arteries caused by any condition.
12
Q
Arteritis
A
Inflammation primarily within the wall of arteries.
13
Q
Ascites
A
Transudate in peritoneal cavity.
14
Q
Atelectasis
A
Failure of alveolar expand, resulting firm consistency (increased lung volume).
15
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
Hardening of the arteries caused by lipid accumulation in the intima.
16
Q
Atresia
A
Embryological failure of lumen formation in normally hollow organs or ducts.
17
Q
Atrophy
A
Pathological or physiological cellular or organ shrinkage.
18
Q
Atypia
A
Change of normal cellular appearance due to reactive or mainly neoplastic processes.
19
Q
Autolysis
A
Digestion of tissue by enzymes contained within it.
20
Q
Balanitis
A
Inflammation of the glans.
21
Q
Biopsy
A
The process of removing a part or cells from tissues (anything but fluid) from patients for diagnostic purposes.
22
Q
Blastoma
A
Undifferentiated emmbryonal tumor characterized by small blue cells.
23
Q
Carcinogenesis
A
Mechanism of the development of malignant neoplasms.
24
Q
Carcinoid
A
Traditional name of neuroendocrine tumors in GI and respiratory tract (currently applied just in lugn tumor classifications).
25
Carcinoma
Malignant epithelial neoplasm.
26
Carcinoma IN SITU
Severe form of intraepithelial neoplasia.
27
Carcinoma, MICROINVASIVE
Early, mircroscopic phase of invasiveness with low risk of metastatisation
28
Coarctation
Congenital narrowing of the aorta.
29
Condyloma
HPV associated benign warty tumor of the genital squamous epithelium.
30
Congestion
Deceleration and accumulation of blood in the venous system.
31
Cyst
Cavity with epithelial lining.
32
Degeneration
Disorder, not otherwise classified, resulting reversible structural and functional abnormality of an organ or tissue.
33
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin.
34
Desmoplasia
Tumor induced stromal reaction characterised by collagen rich connective tissue.
35
Diffuse
Affecting an organ or tissue in a continuous or widespread distribution (contrast with focal).
36
Diverticulum
Abnormal mucosal pouch formation of luminal viscera.
37
Dysplasia
Abnormal growth and differentiation of cells within the epithelium due to early neoplastic changes (=genetic damage).
38
Dystrophy
Disorder, not otherwise classified, resulting degeneration of a tissue.
39
Ectasia
Abnormal dilation of luminal structures.
40
Ectopia
Normal tissue in an inappropriate site.
41
Edema
Accumulation of fluid transudate within a tissue.
42
Embolus
Gas, fluid or solid mass within blood vessels, capable of blocking its lumen.
43
Emphysema
Enlargement of alveolar cavities due to disruption of alveolar membranes.
44
Empyema
Pus in a preformed cavity.
45
Endocarditis
Inflammatory process of the cardial valves.
46
Endophytic
Tumor growth inwards from a surface.
47
Epitheloid cell
Macrophage with epitheloid appearance, forming granulomas.
48
Erosion
Superficial damage of epithelial surfaces.
49
Exophytic
Tumor growth outwards from a surface.
50
Exudate
Extracellular accumulation of protein- rich fluid due to increased capillary permeability in acute inflammation.
51
Fibrosis
Collagenous connective tissue proliferation.
52
Fistule
Abnormal duct- like connection between luminal viscera and/ or skin.
53
Focal
Localised type of any lesion (contrast with diffuse).
54
Focal, MULTIPLE
Localised lesion, more than one.
55
Focal, SOLITARY
Localised, single lesion.
56
Giant cell
Multinucleated large cell of macrophage origin.
57
Giant cell, FOREIGN BODY TYPE
Characteristics for foreign body reaction.
58
Giant cell, LANGHANS TYPE
Characteristics for granulomatous inflammation.
59
Grade
Degree of malignant tumours' differentiation, based on its histological features.
60
Granulation tissue
Newly formed capillary rich connective tissue in regeneration/ replication.
61
Granuloma
Roundish aggregations of epitheloid and giant cells.
62
Hamartoma
Congeintal tumor- like mass composed of matured tissue elements normally present in the organ in which it arises.
63
Hematoma
Localised accumulation of coagulated blood with a solid tissue.
64
Hemopericardium
Blood in the pericardial sac (= tamponade).
65
Hemothorax
Blood in the thoracic cavity.
66
Herniation
Abnormal protursion of an organ, or part of it, outside its usual compartment.
67
Heterotopia
Presence of normal tissue in an abnormal location.
68
Hyaline
Amorphous, form texture of degenerated protein accumulation.
69
Hyperchromasia
Increased staining of the nucleus.
70
Hyperplasia
Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells.
71
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of cells.
72
Infarction, ANEMIC
Death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply (ischemia).
73
Infarction, HEMORRHAGIC
Death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral arterial system, or venous circulation).
74
Inflammation, ACUTE FIBROUS
Short term inflammation with fibrin- rich exudate.
75
Inflammation, ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC
Short term inflammation with capillary endothelial destruction and consequential bleeding.
76
Inflammation, ACUTE PURULENT
Short term inflammation with neutrophil- rich exudate.
77
Inflammation, ACUTE SEROUS
Short term inflammation with acellular exudate.
78
Inflammation, CHRONIC ACTIVE
Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands.
79
Inflammation, CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS
Specific form of chronic inflammation characterised by granuloma formation.
80
Inflammation, CHRONIC NON- SPECIFIC
Long term inflammatory reaction with lymphocytes and plasma cells.
81
Invasion
Capability of malignant tumor cells to infiltrate normal tissues and enter blood vessels/ lymphatics.
82
Involution
Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes (e.g. thymus).
83
Karyolysis
Form of nuclear destruction, fading.
84
Karyorrhexis
Form of nuclear destruction, fragmentation.
85
Koilocyte
HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterised by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.
86
Lithiasis
Formation of calculi (stones).
87
Lymphoma
Primary malignancy of lymphoid tissue.
88
Mastitis
Inflammation of the breast.
89
Melanoma
Primary malignancy of melanocytes.
90
Metaplasia
Adaptive process of a tissue characterised by transformation to another type of mature tissue.
91
Metastasis
Lymphatic, vascular or transluminal migration and mass formation of malignant tumor cells at other sites than the primary location.
92
Necrosis
Pathological, irreversible cell or tissue death in a living organism.
93
Neoplasm
Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
94
Oncogene
A gene abnormally expressed in tumor capable for transforming normal cell.
95
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testis.
96
Papilloma
Benign neoplasm of non- glandular epithelium.
97
Petechiae
Small are of bleeding.
98
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein.
99
Phlebothrombosis
Thrombosis of a vein.
100
Phlegmon
Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading within the tissues.
101
Pleomorphism (polymorphism)
Variation in size and shape of cells, usually characteristic for malignant neoplasms.
102
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung.
103
Pneumothorax
Air in the thoracic cavity.
104
Polyp
Lesion protruded from a surface: pedunculated (with stalk) or sessile (broad- based without stalk).
105
Hydrothorax
Transudate in the thoracic cavity.
106
Proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum.
107
Pseudocyst
Newly formed cavity lacking an epithelial lining.
108
Pseudomembrane
Fibrinous exudate covering mucosal surface.
109
Pustule
Small abscess on the skin.
110
Pyknosis
Form of nuclear destruction, shrinkage.
111
Pyothorax
Pus in the thoracic cavity.
112
Recurrance
Neoplasm growing at the same place as previously treated primary tumor of identical type.
113
Regeneration
Healing with formation of new tissue identical to the lost one.
114
Relapse
Reappearance of the disease after a peroid of good health.
115
Remission
Period of good health prior to possible relapse of a chronic disease.
116
Reparation
Healing with formation of new tissue NOT identical to the lost one.
117
Resolution
Restoration of normality.
118
Salphingo- oophoritis
Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube).
119
Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.
120
Shock
Collapse of circulation characterised by hypertension and failure of microcirculation.
121
Stasis
Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion.
122
Steatosis
Fatty degeneration of the liver.
123
Stenosis
Narrowing of the lumen.
124
Suppuration
Formation of pus.
125
Teratoma
Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto-, endo- and mesodermal tissues, which can be matured or immatured.
126
Thrombus
Coagulated blood formed within the circulation.
127
Transudate
Extracellular accumulation of fluid of low protein content due to abnormal hydrostatic or oncostatic pressure in capillaries.
128
Tumor supressor gene
A gene that protects a cell from abnormal proliferation. Its inactivation promote malignant transformation.
129
Tumor, BENIGN
Abnormal cellular proliferation resulting local mass formation.
130
Tumor, MALIGNANT
Abnormal cellular proliferation with invasiveness and metastatisation.
131
Ulcer
Full thickness damage in a mucosal surface or skin.
