Definitions - quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Do viruses have DNA or RNA?
A
Could be either, never both.
2
Q
What is a capsid?
A
Protein shell - viruses
3
Q
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
A
No, they have a nucleoid
4
Q
Do bacteria have DNA or RNA?
A
Both
5
Q
What do bacteria have instead of a capsid?
A
Rigid cell wall
6
Q
What molecules have circular chromosomes?
A
Bacteria
7
Q
What is normal flora
A
Good bacteria
8
Q
How does bad bacteria get in? (4)
A
Adherence
Opportunism
Toxin production
Compromised host
9
Q
Bacteremia
A
Bacteria in the blood
10
Q
Septicaemia
A
Bacteria in the blood that’s been living there a while, starts to divide
11
Q
Contamintation
A
Bacteria being put somewhere without having to make an effort to get in
12
Q
Colonisation
A
Bacteria that has to work it’s way into the body somehow
13
Q
Is clinical disease easy to recognize?
A
Yes
14
Q
Is sub clinical infection easy to recognize?
A
No, no symptoms
15
Q
Ways to measure how dangerous a molecule is (3)
A
Pathology
Virulence
Opportunistic
16
Q
Virulence
A
Degree of pathogenicity - how much damage it can cause
17
Q
Pathogenicity
A
Ability to produce disease
18
Q
Opportunistic
A
Doesn’t normally produce disease but can when defense mechanisms are breached
19
Q
Invasiveness
A
How strong and sneaky it is
20
Q
toxigenicity
A
Ability to produce toxins
21
Q
Exotoxins release
A
Secreted by living cells - can be killed with antibiotics
22
Q
Endotoxins release
A
Liberated when cell wall disintegrates - antibiotics won’t help
23
Q
Which toxin is thermostable
A
Endotoxin
24
Q
Which toxin is thermolabile
A
Exotoxins
25
Which toxin is more specific
Exotoxins
26
Which toxin is more potent
Exotoxins
27
Thermolaible
Easily destroyed by heat
28
What are the two types of immunity
Non-specific (innate)
Specific (acquired)
29
Is phagocytosis specific or nonspecific?
Nonspecific
30
Is complement specific or nonspecific?
Nonspecific
31
Is skin specific or nonspecific?
Nonspecific
32
Is iron binding proteins specific or nonspecific?
Nonspecific
33
What are the two types of specific immunity?
Humoral and CMI (cell-mediated immunity)
34
What molecule does Humoral immunity deal with?
Antibodies
35
Antigen
"non-self" - invader
36
Antibody
Attacks it's specific antigens
37
immunoglobulins
another word for antibody
38
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies
39
Which antibody region is responsible for antigen recognition?
Variable
40
What are the two antibody regions?
Variable and constant
41
What are the 5 classes of Ig's?
IgG, IgD, IgM, IgA, IgE
42
What antibody class is responsible for allergies?
IgE
43
What antibody class are we not sure what it does yet?
IgD - dad - useless
44
What antibody class is made first?
IgM - mom - always ask her first
45
Which antibody class is a dimer?
IgA
46
Which antibody class is a pentamer?
IgM - mom - gots lots going on all the time
47
Which antibody class is the host defense?
IgA - first letter in the alphabet
48
Which antibody class is found in secretions?
IgA
49
When can antibodies be detected during primary response?
5-10 days
50
When is the antibody count the highest during 1o response?
21 days
51
Which degree of response is the basis for immunizations?
2o
52
Which degree of response has a rapid Ab increase and slow decrease?
2o
53
What is a serological reaction used for?
Detect antibodies in serum sample, helpful for diagnosing
54
What does T helper 1 do?
Starts cell-mediated response
55
What does T helper 2 do?
Ignites humoral response
56
What happens in CMI? (2)
1) T helper 1 tells your cells to compartmentalize the invader and kill it
2) T helper 1 tells your cells to kill themselves
57
What does APC stand for?
Antigen presenting cell
58
Who does an APC present a molecule to?
Either T helper 1 or 2 cells
59
What are the 4 big disorders of immunity?
Allergies
Auto-immune disorders
immunodeficiency states
Graft rejection
60
Auto-immune disorder
Immune system reacts to "self" antigens
Type 1 diabetes, MS
61
Immunodeficiency Status
Can't make antibodies/ disfunctional CMI
62
Passive immunization
Injecting a person with antibodies
63
If someone needs immediate protection, what immunization will you use?
Passive
64
Active immunization
Injecting someone with antigens for a certain disease
65
Live attenuated vaccine
Active
mild illness mimicking disease
66
Sub unit vaccines
Active
Dead antigens
No infectivity
67
Recombinant vaccines
Active
DNA technology
68
Adsorbed vaccines
Vaccine mixed w inorganic salt for slower adsoption
69
Conjugate vaccines
Combines a weak antigen w a strong antigen as a carrier, bigger immune response to weak antigen
70
Combined vaccines
Multiple antigens so you don't need to get stabbed more
71
Combined passive-active vaccines
Antigens in one arm, antibodies in the other
72
What are the three major mechanisms of defense?
alteration in drug target
production of inactivating enzymes
decreased uptake of antibiotics
73
alteration in drug target
Antigen changes where the antibody binds to, alters shape
74
Production of inactivating enzymes
enzyme created by bacteria will render antibody useless
75
decreased uptake of antibiotic
bacteria becomes less permeable or starts efflux proteins, throws out antibiotic
76
What is complement
Set of circulating proteins in the blood
77
What two things does complement do?
opsonization
MAC - membrane attack complex
78
Opsonization
bind to antibodies, make whatever the antibody is attached to more attractive for the immune system to eat
79
What are the three components of a virus
Surface antigens
Nucleic acid
Capsid
80
Main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have genetic info in nucleus, prokaryotes don't have nuclei
81
What vaccine provides both local (IgA) and humoral (IgG) immunity?
Live-attenuated vaccine
82
Describe three things about IgA antibodies
Host defense
Found in secretions
Dimer
83
Describe the function of IgD antibodies
we dont fucking know lol
84
What immunoglobin class crosses the placenta to protect the newborn?
IgG - granny is always gonna protect the baby
85
Describe 3 things about IgM immunoglobins
Pentamer
Host defense
Early immune response
86
What class of immunoglobins deals with allergies
IgE
87
What immunoglobin class deals with parasites
IgE
88
Why is skin such a good nonspecific immunity thing
Dry - wont allow bacteria to grow
Selective barrier
Low pH
89
Name the 5 main parts of innate immunity
Skin
Complement
Iron-binding proteins
Phagocytosis
Mucus membranes
90
What is the function of iron binding proteins
Some bacteria need protein to grow, so if we have certain proteins attached itll do something lol
91
What is aggultination
clumping during a serological reaction
92
What are gamma globulins
has antibodies to lots of common antigens, pooled from lots of blood donors
93
What are hyperimmune globulins
specific for a particular microbe
94
