Demographic changes Flashcards
(25 cards)
Stage 1 of demographic transition
In stage 1, both rates are balanced. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. Countries at this stage will usually be undeveloped.
How does countries move out of stage 1?
Countries move out of stage 1 due to death rates falling. Death rates fall due to increased quality medical care, sanitation and water supplies are much better, quality and security of food is better, and a notable decrease in child mortality.
Stage 2 of Demographic transition model
In stage 2, the two rates diverge, as death rate falls relative to the birth rate. Total population is rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates will narrow. Natural increase is high. Death rates will now remain low and steady, but birth rates will fall quickly.
Stage 1 population pyramid
Stable or slow increase. High levels of young population with no older population
How does countries move out of stage 2?
Countries move out of stage 2 due to birth rates decreasing. Birth rates fall due to increased use of family planning methods, lower infant mortality rates leading to less babies needing to be born, increased opportunity for employment in factories, changes to society put more desire on material possessions then larger families, and changes to equality mean that women are increasingly in the workforce and not ‘staying at home’ to look after the children.
What are some examples of countries in stage 2?
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bolivia, Niger, Uganda, Yemen, and Palestine.
Stage 3 of the demographic transition model
In stage 3 of the demographic transition model, the rates converge again, as the birth rate falls relative to the death rate. Total population is rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates will narrow. Natural increase is high. Death rates will now remain low and steady but birth rates will fall quickly.
How do countries move out of stage 3?
Contraception is widely available and there is a social desire to have smaller families.
What are some examples of countries in stage 3?
Columbia, India, Jamaica, Botswana, Mexico, Kenya, South Africa, and the UAE
Stage 4 of the demographic transition model
In stage 4, the death and birth rates are balanced again but at a much lower level. Total population is high and growing slowly. It is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate.
Examples of countries in stage 4
Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Brazil, most of Europe, Singapore, South Korea, and the U.S.
Stage 2 population pyramid
Very rapid increase. Triangle
Stage 3 population pyramid
Increase slows down. Triangle with less youthful population
Stage 4 population pyramid
Falling and then stable. Round pyramid, with more consistent all around ages
Why is an age sex structure important?
The age–sex structure of a population is important because it defines the relative numbers of young and old, and the balance of males and females, which in turn influence the overall number of births and deaths.
What does the Rostow’s five stages of economic growth suggest?
Rostow’s Five Stages of Economic Growth suggested that after initial capital investment, countries would embark on an evolutionary process lasting about 60 years in which they would move up through five stages of a development.
What is The Modern World System?
This is a theoretical framework comprising four stages in which he attempted to explain how the modern capitalist world economy evolved from the age of feudalism to the present day.
What is the theory of the demographic transition model?
countries transitioned from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they became increasingly industrialised and democratic.
What does the demographic transition model study?
It studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country. It shows marked differences between LEDCs (low economically developed countries – e.g. Niger in Sub Saharan Africa) MEDCs (medium economically developed countries - Thailand) and HEDCs (high economically developed countries - Germany).
Expansive population pyramid
high birth rates, low life expectancy, and youthful population
Challenges/opportunities emerging from the expansive pyramids
- High population momentum
- Pressure on existing working population (productive population) in funding amenities for youth population = high dependency ratio
- Economic opportunities due to an increasing working age population
Stationary population pyramid characteristics
birth and death rates equal
Stable population
Challenges/opportunities emerging from the stationary pyramids
- Does not take into account the distribution of wealth and funding for amenity for age categories.
Constrictive population pyramid characteristics
low birth rates
increasing life expectancy
ageing population
