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Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations > Demographics & Social Structure > Flashcards

Demographics & Social Structure Flashcards

1
Q

In-group

A

Group to which an individual identifies or belongs
Other in-group members viewed favorably

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2
Q

Out-group

A

Group to which an individual does not identify or belong
Out-group members viewed unfavorably

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3
Q

Reference group

A

Comparison group to which an individual compares self
Individual may or may not belong to this group

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4
Q

Primary group

A

Group of individuals who are emotionally close
Smaller in size, high degree of interaction (eg, family)

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5
Q

Secondary group

A

Group of individuals who comes together to accomplish something
Larger in size, more impersonal (eg, coworkers)

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6
Q

Determinants of individual health

A

Physical, social, & economic environments and lifestyle

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7
Q

Ambient stressors

A

Include anything in the environment that causes a physiologically or psychologically negative reaction such as noise, pollution, bad smells, flashing lights, etc
Can promote chronically elevated cortisol levels, which have been correlated to poorer health

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8
Q

Environmental injustice

A

When lower-income areas are subjected to more environmental risk factors

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9
Q

McDonaldization (social process)

A

Describes when rationalization, the replacement of traditional practices with predictable logical rules, is valued as the main tenet of society

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10
Q

Sampling bias

A

Occurs when nonrandom subject selection produces a sample that inaccurately reflects the population from which it was drawn

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11
Q

Role strain

A

Competing expectations within a single role create tension

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12
Q

Role conflict

A

Competing expectations for two or more roles create tension

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13
Q

Role exit

A

Individual disengages from a social role, often replacing it with a new social role

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14
Q

Normative organization

A

Membership is based on shared goals and/or values

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15
Q

Utilitarian organization

A

Membership is driven by compensation

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16
Q

Coercive organization

A

Membership is not freely chosen and/or maintained

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17
Q

Intersectionality

A

Describes how individuals hold multiple, interconnected, marginalized social identities (eg, gender, race, age) that impact their lives, perspectives, and treatment in society

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18
Q

Racialization

A

The process by which one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities, such as physical attributes or behaviors

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19
Q

Social loafing

A

Occurs when an individual expends less effort when working as part of a group than when working alone

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20
Q

Structural functionalism

A

A macro-level sociological perspective that compares modern society to a biological organism
Manifest functions: intended, obvious purpose of a social structure
Latent functions: unintended result of a social structure

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21
Q

Intragenerational social mobility

A

Occurs within a single generation
Horizontal (same social status) or vertical (up or down in social status)

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22
Q

Intergenerational social mobility

A

Occurs over multiple generations

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23
Q

Social constructionism

A

Social actors define what is real
Knowledge about world based on interactions

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24
Q

Rational choice/social exchange

A

Individual behaviors & interactions attempt to maximize personal gain & minimize personal cost

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25
Symbolic interactionism
Meaning & value attached to symbols Individual interactions based on these symbols
26
Frustration-aggression theory
Contends that individuals exhibit violence as a result of having a goal or effort blocked or defeated
27
Class consciousness
Involves the recognition of class structure and an identification with one's own social class such that individuals understand that people from other classes have needs and interests different from their own
28
False consciousness
Results when individuals from lower classes adopt the misleading views of the upper class and accept the status quo
29
Secularization
Reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines
30
Modernization
Reduced importance of religion as society industrializes
31
Fundamentalism
Renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization
32
Religiosity
Incorporation of religion into an individual's life
33
Traditional authority
Comes from longstanding patterns in society
34
Charismatic authority
Stems from the personal appeal and/or extraordinary claims of an individual
35
Rational-legal authority
Arises from the professional position a person holds
36
Ethnography
Qualitative methods for the scientific study of human social phenomena; studying people in their natural environments
37
Content analysis
Involves the systematic coding and interpretation of human communication for research
38
Social movement
Long-term collective action toward a social goal, which is meant to produce a social change
39
Consanguineal
Based on genetic relationship (eg, biological parents)
40
Affinal
Based on marriage (eg, spouses)
41
Fictive
Social ties that are not consanguineal or affinal (eg, adopted children)
42
Spatial inequality
Results from the uneven distribution of wealth and resources across a geographic area
43
Social support
Studies suggest that those with strong social support networks tend to have better health, possibly because social support lessens the impact of stress
44
Theories of development: personality
Freud: psychosexual (5 stages, unresolved childhood conflict impacts adult personality) Erikson: psychosocial (8 stages, unresolved crisis at any age impacts adult personality)
45
Theories of development: cognition
Vygotsky: sociocultural cognitive (child's cognitive development based on social interaction) Piaget: cognitive (four universal stages of childhood cognitive development, cognitive development is based on age)
46
Theories of development: morality
Kohlberg: moral (6 stages of lifespan moral development, most individuals do not progress past stage 3 or 4)
47
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Occurs when a belief about oneself causes behavior that makes belief come true
48
Attributional biases
Just world phenomenon, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias
49
Teacher expectancy effect
Describes what occurs when a teacher's preconceived ideas about a student result in student performance that ultimately meets the teacher's expectations
50
Sick role theory
Rights: (1) exemption from normal social roles & responsibilities (2) lack of accountability for illness Obligations: (1) must attempt to get well (2) must seek & comply with treatment
51
Bipolar disorder (BD)
Characterized by mania, defined as abnormally elevated or irritable mood and increased energy Symptoms: feelings of sadness or hopelessness, lack of interest in activities, sleep disturbances, and frequent thoughts of death or suicide
52
Borderline personality disorder
Characterized by instability with mood, sense of self, and relationships Symptoms: extreme mood reactivity, fear of abandonment, impulsive or reckless behavior, and suicidal or self-harming behaior
53
The biomedical approach to mental illness
Suggests that physiological causes result in psychological symptoms, and therefore medical treatment is advised to fix the underlying problem
54
Availability heuristic
How easily something comes to memory
55
Representative heuristic
How well something matches a mental prototype
56
Major sociological approaches to aging
1. Activity: remaining physically and socially active 2. Continuity: older adults attempt to maintain the habits and behaviors from their youth 3. Disengagement: older adults withdraw from social relationships/society as society withdraws from them 4. Life course: aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, & psychological contexts
57
The dependency ratio
The proportion of unproductive (ie, too old or too young) to productive (working-age) members in a society
58
Demographic transition model
Refers to the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates and occurs in 5 stages
59
Social exclusion
Inability to participate: Economically (income earner or consumer), socially (limited/no interaction with others in society), civically (community and political involvement)
60
Social stratification
Social class (economic assets) Social status (prestige) Power (ability to exert control over the actions of others)

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations (5 decks)

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