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Community medicine > Demography > Flashcards

Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Define demography

A

Scienfic study of human population

Changes in population SIZE
COMPOSITION with age + sex
DISTRIBUTION by geographical area at a time.

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2
Q

Demographic processes

A

Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage
Social mobility

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3
Q

Sources of demographic data

A

Census
Vital events registers
Surveys
Sample registration system

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4
Q

Role of demography in public health

A

Mortality data
Locating + identifying disease
Remedial measures planning
Future prevention planning
Determining causes of mortality
Planning requirements for tt
Age - Sex distribution
Health + health care needs
Public health programmes
Success / failure of programme
Describe level of community health
Leading cause of mortality / morbidity
Determine relative imp of disease
Solution to health problems

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5
Q

Stages of demographic cycle

A

High stationary
Early expanding
Late expanding
Low stationary
Declining

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6
Q

High stationary / 1st Stage

A

High birth rate
High death rate
Stationary population (high level)
Growth rate ( <1%)
Age Pyramid - pyramidal
India (before 1920)

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7
Q

Earlyexpanding / 2nd stage

A

High Birth rate remains
Death rate decline
Slow population growth
Growth rate (1-2%)
Age Pyramid - lose pyramidal shape
India (1921-1930)
Africa
South america

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8
Q

Late expanding / 3rd stage

A

Birth rate decline
Death rate decline continues
Rapid population growth
Growth rate (2%)
Age Pyramid - globular
Present India
China
Singapore

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9
Q

Low stationary / 4th stage

A

Low birth rate
Low death rate
Population stationary (low level)
GR 0%
Age Pyramid - cylindrical
In 1980
Austria
UK
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden

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10
Q

Stage of decline / 5th stage

A

Birth rate low than Death rate
Population goes declining
GR negative
Age Pyramid - losing cylindrical shape
Germany
Hungary

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11
Q

Demographic gap

A

Difference between Birth rate and Death rate in a demographic cycle

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12
Q

Population Pyramid / Age - Sex Pyramid

A

Breakdown of population represented in number / percentage according to Age (horizontal axis) and Sex (vertical axis)

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13
Q

Importance of population pyramid

A

Age -sex distribution
Services required (at different ages)
Mortality rate of different age + sex

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14
Q

Sex ratio

A

No. Of females per 1000 males
In India
State Lowest - Haryana (877)
State Highest - Kerala (1084),
UT Highest - Puducherry(1038)
District Highest - Puducherry(1176)
District Lowest - Daman(533)

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15
Q

Factors affecting sex ratio

A

Mortality rates (sex wise)
Sex selective migration
Sex ratio at birth
Gender discrimination

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16
Q

Measures to improve sex ratio

A

Education
Poverty
Implementation of PCPNDT (preconception prenatal diagnostic techniques)

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17
Q

National Population Policy (NPP)

A

Policies to decrease birth rate / growth rate.
1st in 1976
Increase legal min age of marriage
Modified in 1977 (National family welfare programme)(small family norm)

Affirms commitment of government towards voluntary and informed choice + consent of citizens
Availing reproductive health care services, continuation of target free approach in giving family planning services.

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18
Q

Objectives of NPP

A

Immediate
Unmet needs (contraception)
Strengthen health care infra + personnel
Integrated reproductive delivery
Medium
Bring Total fertility rate to replacement levels
Implement inter-sectoral operational strategies
Long-term
Stable population by 2045 (with sustainable economic growth+ social development + environmental protection.

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19
Q

Goals of NPP (National Socio-demographic goals) (14)

A

Unmet needs (reproductive + child health)(supllies + infra).
School education free upto agr14(compulsory).
Reduce drop outs at primary and secondary school levels.
Reduce infant mortality rate (IMR)(>30 per 1000 live births).
Reduce Maternal mortality rate (>100 per 100000 live births).
80%institute delivery (+100% trained ersons).
Universal immunization of children.
Promote delayed marriages (females).
Small family norm.
Universal access to info /counseling , services (fertility regulation + contraception).
100% registration (birth, death, marriage, pregnanacy).
Prevent + control communicable diseases.
Contain AIDS + promote RTI, STI management.
Integrated Indian System of Medicine (RCH services) reaching households.

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20
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

No. Of live births in area in 1yr / Estimated Mid year population *1000

Measure of fertility (all causes + all ages)
Advantage
Ease of complication
Disadvantage
Denomination include whole population but birth comes by reproductive age groups.

21
Q

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

A

No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year female population *1000

Disadvantage
Not all F in reproductive age exposed to child birth

22
Q

General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)

A

No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year married female population *1000

Directly proportional to capacity of women to bear child + no. Of marriages
Disadvantage
Comparison within 2 population not accurate
No identification of high risk age group females (conception)

23
Q

Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

A

No. Of live births in an age group / mid year female population of same age group *1000

Importance
Identify high risk age groups (family planning services)
Evaluate family planning services

24
Q

Age specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)

A

No. Of live births in age group / mid year maddies female population same age group*1000

25
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) /period total fertilty rate

A

Summation of Age specific Fertility rate of Different age groups* class interval in age groups

Importance
No. Of children age group of 1000 women would bear
Accurate + valid fertility measure (standard index)

Total Cohort Fertility Rate (TCFR) is better.

26
Q

Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR)

A

Average no. Female birth occur to female new born, growing up and in entire reproductive age (based on current fertility rate)

Equivalent to TFR for female child

Disadvantage
Assume F will not die before reproductive age ends (overcome by NRR)

27
Q

Net Reproductive Rate (NRR)

A

Average no. Of female live births to a newborn female (growing + entire reproductive age)

Include current fertility + mortality rate

Importance
Indicator of population growth
Target of family welfare programmes (to achieve NRR =1)

NRR = half of TFR

28
Q

Types of population pyramid

A

Stationary (unchanged fertility / mortality)
Expansive (broad base)
Constrictive (lower young population)

29
Q

Use of population pyramid

A

Shape indicates fertility pattern
Height indicates life expectancy
Symmetry indicates sex ratio (symmetry = ideal)

30
Q

Types sex ratio

A

Primary (at time of conception)
Secondary (at time of birth)
Tertiary (mature organisms)

31
Q

Interpretation of sex ratio

A

Ideal
Favourable (more females)
Unfavourable (less females)

32
Q

Importance of sex ratio

A

Indicator of
Status of women
Sex preference among population
Female foeticide
Assess impact of public health programs (Girls + Women)

33
Q

Dependency ratio (societal dependency ratio)

A

Age wise ratio of non-earning and earning population.
No. Of people age 0-14 + 65 + above / no. Of people aged 15-65yrs *100

Any age except 15-65yrs (productive age group) is considered economically dependent.

India - 53 / 100

Disadvantage
Neglect elderly + young employed
Unempl unemployed working age

34
Q

Importantce of Dependency Ratio

A

Increases - increased strain on productive part to support upbringing and pensions of deendents.

35
Q

Major Government Schemes for Literacy

A

National Literacy Mission(1988)(75% by 2007)
District primary education programme (1994)(new + alternative schools)
Mid-day Meal Scheme (1995)(reduce dropouts)
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(2001)(compulsory school)
Sakshar Bharat(2009)(focus on non + neo literates)
National Digital Literacy Mission(2014)(10c indians digitally literate)

36
Q

Demographic bonus

A

Decline period in dependcy ratio until rise again.

37
Q

Demographic burden

A

Later stage (life expectancy increases.
Older population increases rapidly

38
Q

Types of Data

A

Primary (specific enquiry / study)
Methods(more accurate)
Direct personal
Indirect oral
From corresponding
Mailed questionnaire
Schedules through enumerators
Secondary (data used for various investigations)
Published sources (clinical records, census)
Unpublished (organization, research institutes)

39
Q

Classification of data

A

Chronological classification (according to order of time)
Geographical (according to region / place)
Quantitative (measurable attribute)
Qualitative (sex /literacy/ religion)
Dichotomous (in 2 categories)
Manifold classification (in 2 categories) (subclassified)

40
Q

Population explosion

A

Rapidly increased birth rate
Decline in infant mortality
Increase in life expectancy

Causes
High BR
Low DR

41
Q

High BR in population explosion

A

High fertility
Early puberty
Early marriage
Universality of marriage
Poverty
Illiteracy
Lack of knowledge
Religious factors
Gender discrimination (prefer son)

42
Q

Low DR in population explosion

A

Lesser natural calamities
Medical science advanced
Better health facility
Nation health programs
Raised health awareness
Rural health improvement
Health aid

43
Q

Problems due to population explosion

A

Physical
Social
Psychological
Antisocial
Miscellaneous
Infection
Malnutrition
Accident
Epidemics
Prostitution
STDs /HIV /AIDS

44
Q

Physical problems due to population explosion

A

Poor housing
Pollution
Vector bornes
Migration issues

45
Q

Social problems due to population explosion

A

Alcohol / Drug
Unemployment
Poverty
Broken homes
Corruption
Health system overburden

46
Q

Psychological problems due to population explosion

A

Mental illness
Behavioural disorder
Anxiety
Stress
Tension
Suicides

47
Q

Antisocial problems due to population explosion

A

Child abuse / labour
Sex crime
Crimes
Juvenile delinquency

48
Q

Census of India

A

Responsible (Registrar general, census commisioner, ministry ofhome affairs, government of India).

Once in 10 years
The census Act 1948
1st - 1871
Last - 28th feb 2011 (2021 postponed, covid)
District covered - 640

Community medicine (16 decks)

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