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Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Define demography

A

Scienfic study of human population

Changes in population SIZE
COMPOSITION with age + sex
DISTRIBUTION by geographical area at a time.

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2
Q

Demographic processes

A

Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage
Social mobility

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3
Q

Sources of demographic data

A

Census
Vital events registers
Surveys
Sample registration system

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4
Q

Role of demography in public health

A

Mortality data
Locating + identifying disease
Remedial measures planning
Future prevention planning
Determining causes of mortality
Planning requirements for tt
Age - Sex distribution
Health + health care needs
Public health programmes
Success / failure of programme
Describe level of community health
Leading cause of mortality / morbidity
Determine relative imp of disease
Solution to health problems

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5
Q

Stages of demographic cycle

A

High stationary
Early expanding
Late expanding
Low stationary
Declining

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6
Q

High stationary / 1st Stage

A

High birth rate
High death rate
Stationary population (high level)
Growth rate ( <1%)
Age Pyramid - pyramidal
India (before 1920)

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7
Q

Earlyexpanding / 2nd stage

A

High Birth rate remains
Death rate decline
Slow population growth
Growth rate (1-2%)
Age Pyramid - lose pyramidal shape
India (1921-1930)
Africa
South america

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8
Q

Late expanding / 3rd stage

A

Birth rate decline
Death rate decline continues
Rapid population growth
Growth rate (2%)
Age Pyramid - globular
Present India
China
Singapore

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9
Q

Low stationary / 4th stage

A

Low birth rate
Low death rate
Population stationary (low level)
GR 0%
Age Pyramid - cylindrical
In 1980
Austria
UK
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden

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10
Q

Stage of decline / 5th stage

A

Birth rate low than Death rate
Population goes declining
GR negative
Age Pyramid - losing cylindrical shape
Germany
Hungary

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11
Q

Demographic gap

A

Difference between Birth rate and Death rate in a demographic cycle

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12
Q

Population Pyramid / Age - Sex Pyramid

A

Breakdown of population represented in number / percentage according to Age (horizontal axis) and Sex (vertical axis)

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13
Q

Importance of population pyramid

A

Age -sex distribution
Services required (at different ages)
Mortality rate of different age + sex

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14
Q

Sex ratio

A

No. Of females per 1000 males
In India
State Lowest - Haryana (877)
State Highest - Kerala (1084),
UT Highest - Puducherry(1038)
District Highest - Puducherry(1176)
District Lowest - Daman(533)

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15
Q

Factors affecting sex ratio

A

Mortality rates (sex wise)
Sex selective migration
Sex ratio at birth
Gender discrimination

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16
Q

Measures to improve sex ratio

A

Education
Poverty
Implementation of PCPNDT (preconception prenatal diagnostic techniques)

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17
Q

National Population Policy (NPP)

A

Policies to decrease birth rate / growth rate.
1st in 1976
Increase legal min age of marriage
Modified in 1977 (National family welfare programme)(small family norm)

Affirms commitment of government towards voluntary and informed choice + consent of citizens
Availing reproductive health care services, continuation of target free approach in giving family planning services.

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18
Q

Objectives of NPP

A

Immediate
Unmet needs (contraception)
Strengthen health care infra + personnel
Integrated reproductive delivery
Medium
Bring Total fertility rate to replacement levels
Implement inter-sectoral operational strategies
Long-term
Stable population by 2045 (with sustainable economic growth+ social development + environmental protection.

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19
Q

Goals of NPP (National Socio-demographic goals) (14)

A

Unmet needs (reproductive + child health)(supllies + infra).
School education free upto agr14(compulsory).
Reduce drop outs at primary and secondary school levels.
Reduce infant mortality rate (IMR)(>30 per 1000 live births).
Reduce Maternal mortality rate (>100 per 100000 live births).
80%institute delivery (+100% trained ersons).
Universal immunization of children.
Promote delayed marriages (females).
Small family norm.
Universal access to info /counseling , services (fertility regulation + contraception).
100% registration (birth, death, marriage, pregnanacy).
Prevent + control communicable diseases.
Contain AIDS + promote RTI, STI management.
Integrated Indian System of Medicine (RCH services) reaching households.

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20
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

No. Of live births in area in 1yr / Estimated Mid year population *1000

Measure of fertility (all causes + all ages)
Advantage
Ease of complication
Disadvantage
Denomination include whole population but birth comes by reproductive age groups.

21
Q

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

A

No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year female population *1000

Disadvantage
Not all F in reproductive age exposed to child birth

22
Q

General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)

A

No. Of live births in area in a yr / mid year married female population *1000

Directly proportional to capacity of women to bear child + no. Of marriages
Disadvantage
Comparison within 2 population not accurate
No identification of high risk age group females (conception)

23
Q

Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

A

No. Of live births in an age group / mid year female population of same age group *1000

Importance
Identify high risk age groups (family planning services)
Evaluate family planning services

24
Q

Age specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)

A

No. Of live births in age group / mid year maddies female population same age group*1000

25
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) /period total fertilty rate
Summation of Age specific Fertility rate of Different age groups* class interval in age groups Importance No. Of children age group of 1000 women would bear Accurate + valid fertility measure (standard index) Total Cohort Fertility Rate (TCFR) is better.
26
Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR)
Average no. Female birth occur to female new born, growing up and in entire reproductive age (based on current fertility rate) Equivalent to TFR for female child Disadvantage Assume F will not die before reproductive age ends (overcome by NRR)
27
Net Reproductive Rate (NRR)
Average no. Of female live births to a newborn female (growing + entire reproductive age) Include current fertility + mortality rate Importance Indicator of population growth Target of family welfare programmes (to achieve NRR =1) NRR = half of TFR
28
Types of population pyramid
Stationary (unchanged fertility / mortality) Expansive (broad base) Constrictive (lower young population)
29
Use of population pyramid
Shape indicates fertility pattern Height indicates life expectancy Symmetry indicates sex ratio (symmetry = ideal)
30
Types sex ratio
Primary (at time of conception) Secondary (at time of birth) Tertiary (mature organisms)
31
Interpretation of sex ratio
Ideal Favourable (more females) Unfavourable (less females)
32
Importance of sex ratio
Indicator of Status of women Sex preference among population Female foeticide Assess impact of public health programs (Girls + Women)
33
Dependency ratio (societal dependency ratio)
Age wise ratio of non-earning and earning population. No. Of people age 0-14 + 65 + above / no. Of people aged 15-65yrs *100 Any age except 15-65yrs (productive age group) is considered economically dependent. India - 53 / 100 Disadvantage Neglect elderly + young employed Unempl unemployed working age
34
Importantce of Dependency Ratio
Increases - increased strain on productive part to support upbringing and pensions of deendents.
35
Major Government Schemes for Literacy
National Literacy Mission(1988)(75% by 2007) District primary education programme (1994)(new + alternative schools) Mid-day Meal Scheme (1995)(reduce dropouts) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(2001)(compulsory school) Sakshar Bharat(2009)(focus on non + neo literates) National Digital Literacy Mission(2014)(10c indians digitally literate)
36
Demographic bonus
Decline period in dependcy ratio until rise again.
37
Demographic burden
Later stage (life expectancy increases. Older population increases rapidly
38
Types of Data
Primary (specific enquiry / study) Methods(more accurate) Direct personal Indirect oral From corresponding Mailed questionnaire Schedules through enumerators Secondary (data used for various investigations) Published sources (clinical records, census) Unpublished (organization, research institutes)
39
Classification of data
Chronological classification (according to order of time) Geographical (according to region / place) Quantitative (measurable attribute) Qualitative (sex /literacy/ religion) Dichotomous (in 2 categories) Manifold classification (in 2 categories) (subclassified)
40
Population explosion
Rapidly increased birth rate Decline in infant mortality Increase in life expectancy Causes High BR Low DR
41
High BR in population explosion
High fertility Early puberty Early marriage Universality of marriage Poverty Illiteracy Lack of knowledge Religious factors Gender discrimination (prefer son)
42
Low DR in population explosion
Lesser natural calamities Medical science advanced Better health facility Nation health programs Raised health awareness Rural health improvement Health aid
43
Problems due to population explosion
Physical Social Psychological Antisocial Miscellaneous Infection Malnutrition Accident Epidemics Prostitution STDs /HIV /AIDS
44
Physical problems due to population explosion
Poor housing Pollution Vector bornes Migration issues
45
Social problems due to population explosion
Alcohol / Drug Unemployment Poverty Broken homes Corruption Health system overburden
46
Psychological problems due to population explosion
Mental illness Behavioural disorder Anxiety Stress Tension Suicides
47
Antisocial problems due to population explosion
Child abuse / labour Sex crime Crimes Juvenile delinquency
48
Census of India
Responsible (Registrar general, census commisioner, ministry ofhome affairs, government of India). Once in 10 years The census Act 1948 1st - 1871 Last - 28th feb 2011 (2021 postponed, covid) District covered - 640

Community medicine (16 decks)

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