General Epidemiology

Question 1

Portions of death certificate

Answer 1

First portion (personal details, date n time)
Second portion (cause of death)

Question 2

Types of Causes of death in death certificate

Answer 2

Immediate cause
Antecedent cause
Underlying cause

Question 3

Magnitude of health problem is measured by

Answer 3

Morbidity
Mortality

Question 4

Basic tools in epidemiology

Answer 4

Rates
Ratios
Proportions

Question 5

Epidemiological methods

Answer 5

Observational studies
Experimental studies

Question 6

Observational studies

Answer 6

Descriptive
Analytical (ecological/ cross sectional/ case control)
Cohort

Question 7

Experimental studies

Answer 7

Randomized controlled trials
Field trials
Community trials

Question 8

Operational definition

Answer 8

Epidemiologist should be able to identify the deseased but also measure it accurately.

Question 9

Berkesonian bias

Answer 9

Different rates of hospital admission

Question 10

Types of bias

Answer 10

Selection
Berkesonian
Interviewer

Question 11

Types of cohort study

Answer 11

Prospective

Retrospective/ non current prospective

Combination (pros+ retro)

Question 12

Elements of cohort study

Answer 12

Selection of subject
Data obtained
Compassion gp selection
Follow up

Question 13

Attrition

Answer 13

Losses in trials due to
Death
Migration
Non cooperation

Question 14

3 criterias of selecting a study group

Answer 14

Representative of reference population

Informed consent (procedure+dangers)

Susceptible to disease

Question 15

Types of epidemic curve

Answer 15

Common source (single point source)
Propagated epidemics
Slow epidemics

Question 16

Uses of epidemic curve

Answer 16

Exposure to suspected source to time
Suggest particular infection
Common source /propagated

Question 17

Retrospective study / case control study distinct features

Answer 17

Exposure and outcome occured before the study starts (presently it is a case)

Backwards from effect

Uses a control/comparison group

Question 18

Steps of retrospective study

Answer 18

Selection of cases
Selection of control
Matching
Measurement of exposure
Analysis + interpretation

Question 19

Measurement of exposure may be obtained by

Answer 19

Questionnaire
Past records(hospital+ employment)

Question 20

Disadvantages of retrospective study

Answer 20

Bias
Difficult control selection
Dont diiff between associated or causative factors

Question 21

Odds ratio

Answer 21

Measure strength of association between risk factor and outcome

Evaluation of risk of developing a diseaseamong those exposed as compared to non exposed

Question 22

Cohort study / prospective / longitudinal / incidence or forward looking study

Answer 22

Obtain additional evidenceto support existence of association between cause and disease

Question 23

Features of cohort study

Answer 23

Prior to appearance of disease.
Observed longer to determine frequency.
Forward (cause to effect)

Question 24

Elements of cohort study

Answer 24

Selection of study groups(cohort)
Obtain data on exposure
Selection of comparison group
Follow up
Analysis

Question 25

Advantages of cohort study

Answer 25

Incidence calculable Dose response ratio calculable Minimize misclassification bias

Question 26

Disadvantages of cohort study

Answer 26

Large no. Required Longer duration Attrition problem (loss of follow up) Selection bias Ethical problem in case of changes Limited factors considered

Question 27

Uses of epidemiology (by morris)

Answer 27

7 Study trend of disease Community diagnosis Health services planning+evaluation Individual risk / chances Syndrome identification Completing clinical picture Causal telationship establishment

Question 28

4 phases of clinical trial (SEAL)

Answer 28

Safety Efficacy Approval Long term

Question 29

Types of clinical trials

Answer 29

Randomised controlled trials Pre-post design Factorial design

Question 30

Sensitivity

Answer 30

No. Of positively testing among no. Of diseased

Question 31

Specificity

Answer 31

No. Of negative test results in total no. Of non-diseased