demography- birth and death rates 1

Question 1

fertility rate=

Answer 1

number of live briths per 100 women 15-44

Question 2

birth rate =

Answer 2

number of live births per 1000 pop over a year

Question 3

total fertility rate=

Answer 3

average number of children women has during fertile years

Question 4

birth rate trends

Answer 4

in 1901 uk pop 38m, inc 64m 2014. their has been a decline in birth rates -1900=28.7 per 1000 compared to 12.2 births per 1000 in 2014 (link to baby booms eg ww1)

Question 5

fertility rate trends:

Answer 5

uk fertility and total fertility generally declined . in 1900 fertility rate 115 life births per 1000 fertile women per year. compared to 63.6 in 2009.
in 2008 total fetitltiy rate 1.96 per women and 2014 declined to 1.83

Question 6

decline in birth rate- family diversity

Answer 6

alternative choices now socially acceptable eg people choose not to have children +biological barriers.

Question 7

decline in birth rate- family diveristy- changing expectations of women
(harper 2012)

Answer 7

inc in educalctional achievement and employment- women may choose to pritorise career instead of having family. women who didn’t have children can control how many and when they do. = inc number of women having children in later life -harper- delayed child baring for career. and legal equality with men eg vote

Question 8

implications decline in birth rare has on family- family size

Answer 8

smaller to parents having less children. fertility rates in 1964 was 2.95 children per women and 1.89 in 2014
in 2013 47% byckear family had only 1 child and 14% had 2, their is a decline in women having children under 24 and rise in women 40+ having children

Question 9

westward and bhachu 1988- (implication decline of birth rate has on family- family size)

Answer 9

found that decline in birth rate did not apply to Asian families

Question 10

increase in family diversity: voluntary childnes

Answer 10

inc in number of women choosing not to have children. the family policy study centre found that in 2000, 1 in 5 aged 40 had not had children compared to 1 in 10 in 1980

Question 11

increase in family diversity: dual career family

Answer 11

decline in full time mothering and rise in dual career familys- 60% nuclear familys are dual career familys

Question 12

evaluation new right: birth rate

Answer 12

argue decline in birth rate is caused b avaalsiability of contraception/female employment , these changed have led to demise of nuclear family that is triggering on alleged moral decline

Question 13

eval: liberal feminist birth rate
-helene wilkinson

Answer 13

support the decline as it enables women to have freedom of lives, Helen Wilkinson 1994 - ground breaking shift in female expectations since 1960> eld to gender quake in attitudes

Question 14

death rate trends

Answer 14

steadily decrease since 1900- it was 19 deaths per 1000 pop In 1901 compared to 9 per 1000 in 2014

Question 15

life expectancy trends

Answer 15

risen from 48 years for men and 52 for women in 1901 to 79.5 years for men and 92.5 years for women 2014

Question 16

reasons for decline in death rate and increase in life expectancy:

Answer 16

-improved nutrition, medical improvement, smoking/diet, public health measures.

Question 17

improvement in living standards - mckeown 1976 in 20th c

Answer 17

peoples wages increased>lifting people out of poverty meaning they can afford better housing /nutritional fooding.
well ventilated social housing for poor- contirbuting to near eradication of tuberculosis. (killer of poor In 19thc)
public health initiatives such as clean water in comes and public sanitaiton/sewage schemes reduced number of people dying from water born diseases eg cholera.
clean air act>reduce air pollution/smog that lead to 4k deaths in 5 days- 1952

Question 18

improved education:

Answer 18

better knowledge of hygiene and people taking more responsibility for avoiding health threatening behaviour= people now adopt healthier lifestyle and more hygenic

Question 19

introduction of the welfare state, nhs

Answer 19

free medical care provided by ohs, social services and welfare payments have helped people.
these produced a net for those most at risk due to ill health.
in 1958 the nhs intorudec mass vaccination of all children under 15 against diseased eg polio.
new medicines and treatments being created contuniously with aim of prologning life.

Question 20

however, still class gender regional differences. walker 2011

Answer 20

say that people living poorest areas one England averagely die 7y earlier than those in the richest areas. women generally live longer than men