Demography - Globalisation and Migration Flashcards by Barney Hennessey

What is globalisation?

The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across natural boundaries

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What is globalisation the result of? (5)

Growth of communication systems
Growth of global media
Creation of global markets
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
Expansion of EU

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What do many people see globalisation as producing?

Rapid social changes such as increased international migration

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Trend in rate of immigration

It has been speeding up

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What did the percentage of international migration increase by between 2000 and 2013 according to the United Nations?

33% to reach 3.2% of world’s population

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4 types of migrant

Permanent settlers
Temporary workers
Spouses
Forced migrants

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What is increasing diversity of migrant types (with a fact included)?

Globalisation. UK in 2014 there were more Chinese-born postgraduate students than UK-born

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Where did immigration to the UK come from before 1990s?

A narrow range of former British colonies

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Since the 1990s, what has globalisation led to according to Vertovec? How? (Diversity)

Led to ‘super diversity’ as migrants now come from much wider range of countries and have different cultures, religions and societies in each ethnic group

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What three types of migrant did Cohen come up with?

Citizens
Denizens
Helots

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What are citizens according to Cohen?

Migrants with full citizenship rights that the government has constantly made harder to acquire since 1970s

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What are denizens according to Cohen?

Privileged foreign national migrants welcomed by the state

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What are helots according to Cohen?

Most exploited migrant group who are treated like slaves in unskilled, poorly paid jobs

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What gender are over half of all global migrants?

Female

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Globalisation of the gender division of labour

Female migrants find themselves fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s roles as carers and providers of sexual services

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Who is care, domestic and sex work increasingly done by in Western countries according to Ehrenreich and Hochchild?

Female immigrants from poorer countries

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Care, domestic and sex work in Western countries is increasingly done by women from poorer countries. What does this result in according to Ehrenreich and Hochchild?

Expansion of service occupations resulting in increasing demand for female labour
Western women in labour force less willing to perform domestic labour
Western men remaining unwilling to perform domestic labour
Failure of state to produce adequate childcare

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What percentage of adult care nurses in UK are migrants. What gender?

40%. Mostly female

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What do migrant women enter western countries as which reflects gendered and racialised stereotypes?

‘Mail order’ brides

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What type of illegal workers do some migrant women enter the UK as?

Illegally trafficked sex workers

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Hybrid identities

Identities consisting of two or more difference sources

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How may some people react to migrants with hybrid identities?

They may challenge their identity claims or accuse them of not ‘fitting in’

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What has globalisation created according to Eriksen?

More diverse migrant patterns

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With modern technology making it possible to sustain global ties without having to travel, what identities to some migrants adopt?

Transnational identities

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What are migrants less likely to see themselves as due to globalisation?

As belonging completely to one culture or country

What issue have migrants become?

An important political issue

What policies do states now have about migration?

Policies to control immigration, absorb migrants into society and to deal with diversity

What policies are immigration policies linked to?

National security and anti-terrorism

Assimilationism

First state policy approach to immigration. Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of host culture

Who may disagree with assimilationist policies?

Migrants with hybrid identities as they may not be willing to abandon their culture

What does multiculturalism accept?

It accepts that migrants may not want to retain a separate culture identoty

What two types of diversity did Eriksen come up with and what are they?

Shallow diversity - acceptable to state such as making tikka masala Britain’s national dish Deep diversity - not acceptable to state such as arranged marriage

What do critics say that multicultural education policies celebrate?

Shallow diversity while failing to address deeper problems such a racism

Since 9/11, what have many politicians done?

They have swung back towards demanding that migrants assimilate culturally

What did France make illegal in 2010?

Veiling the face in public

How does Castles describe assimilationist policies? (2 criticisms)

Can lead to minorities responding by emphasising their differences Breeds further marginalisation

What may assimilationist ideas encourage workers to do?

To blame migrants for social problems

5 effects of globalisation

More immigration from EU More undocumented workers More asylum seekers Greater cultural diversity Changing families

What percentage of all immigrants did EU immigrants make up in 2014?

38%

How many undocumented workers are there according to the Home Office?

500,000 - 800,000

Where are asylum seekers often held?

In immigration detention centres (prisons)

How did the Chief Inspector of Prisons describe immigration detention centres?

As showing ‘a shocking lack of humanity’

What have many UK nationals (particularly young families) left to UK to do?

Seek new job opportunities

What are 43% of people emigrating from the UK according to the Home Office?

British nationals

What is the age range of most of the 43% of people emigrating from the UK?

25-44

What has globalisation led to for m/c families?

Globalisation has led to greater migration of m/c families

What is the impact of greater migration of m/c families to other nations?

Impacted on those that have been left behind E.g. grandparents and extended family

What has there been a decline in since the early 1980s and what has this changed?

Decline in employment in manufacturing sectors which has changed employment sector in UK

According to the Office of National Statistics, in 2018 what were the largest sectors of employment on the UK? What does this highlight?

Retail, health and social work, and administrative work. Highlights feminisation of UK workforce

How does the feminisation of the UK workforce impact families?

Changes gender roles with increase of dual earner families

What percentage of mothers are working in the UK?

75%

Impact of increase in dual earner families

Impacts domestic division of labour and decision making in the family

What argument contrasts with increase in dual earner families impacting domestic division of labour?

Could be argued that men still retain most of economic power in family and that gender roles remain quite fixed in some social classes

What were people from Asian backgrounds less likely to do according to the 2011 Census?

People from Asian backgrounds less likely to live alone than any other ethnic group

What household type has increased due to economic migration into UK and overseas students?

Lone person households

How many overseas students came to the UK to study in 2018?

217,000

What has there been a greater demand for due to an increase in overseas students to the UK?

Student flats and apartments

What remains the most common family type, despite increased migration?

Couples

Migrants from where contributed to the new ‘baby boom’ in the 2000s?

Eastern Europe

Why did migrants from Eastern Europe bring about a new ‘baby boom’ in the 2000s?

Because they tend to have larger families

Why has globalisation meant that there are more global family networks according to Chambers?

Because migrants in the UK try to maintain relationships and send money to their families in other countries

What is the minimum income requirement (wage per year) before British citizens can bring in their non-British, non-EU partners and children?

£18,600

Consequence of minimum income requirement

Separated husbands and wives meaning that children grow up separated from one of their parents (type of lone parenthood)