Dental Specialties Final Review Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Category I
(Special Care Patient)
A
Healthy Patient
2
Q
Category II
(Special Care Patient)
A
Medical conditions requiring scheduling changes or short appointements
3
Q
Category III
(Special Care Patient)
A
Medical Patients requiring significant modifications in treatment planning
4
Q
Category IV
(Special Care Patient)
A
Medical conditions requiring major modifications in including treatment within operating room
5
Q
Category V
(Special Care Patient)
A
Serious medical conditions and only limited care
6
Q
Pulmonary Disorders
A
Disorders that affects the lungs & an obstruction of the airway. Could involve allergies, bronchial asthma, chromic pulmonary disease
7
Q
Allergies
A
When the body reacts to an antigen. Can be managed by an over-the counter medication or prescribed medication that reduces the symptoms
of the allergy, if it goes beyond these medications, it becomes life-threatening emergency
8
Q
Clinical Considerations for patients with allergies
A
- Complete thorough medical history
-Attention given to latex products and dental material use - Have an Epi pen ready for potential reaction
9
Q
Bronchial Asthma
A
- A chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
- Wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and coughing
- Often arises from allergies
10
Q
Considerations for patients with bronchial asthma
A
- Minimize stress
- Short appointments
- Sedation techniques used to limit stress
- use of epi & aspirin should be minimized
- epi may cause an attack or adverse effects
11
Q
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A
- Blocked airflow during respiration
- Emphysema is the irreversible enlargement of the air spaces which increases susceptibility to infection
12
Q
Considerations for pt with COPD
A
- Keep appointment short and schedule them in the morning
- Low to moderate risk patients consider the use of sedation
- Avoid use of nitrous oxide
- Don’t use supine position
Avoid elective treatment during hot/humid weather - May use humified oxygen given y nasal cannula
13
Q
Anemia
A
condition when your blood lacks healthy blood cells or hemoglobin
14
Q
Leukemia
A
An excessive increase in white blood cells which may indicate infection
15
Q
Hemophilia
A
Excessive bleeding caused by the congenital lack of a protein substance needed or blood clotting
16
Q
Considerations for pt with blood disorders
A
- Factor in the pt’s susceptibility for infection
- Treatment modifications must be made for any surgical procedure
- Antibiotic prophylaxis maybe described for high-risk procedures
17
Q
Endocrine Disorders
A
- Glands release hormones into the bloodstream
- Thyroid regulates metabolism in body cells and stimulates passage of calcium into bones from the blood
18
Q
Hypothyroidism
A
- Thyroid gland is underactive and produces fewer hormones than normal
- Can receive depressants or sedatives before treatment
19
Q
Hyperthyroidism
A
- Overactive thyroid gland
- Graves’ disease (too much thyroid hormone)
- Women > men
- 40<
- Infection, stress, trauma, pain or surgery
- Could be fatal
20
Q
Considerations for Hyperthyroidism
A
- Accurate and updated medical history
- Medical consultation
- If not getting treated, they’re highly sensitive to epi and other amine anaesthetics
21
Q
Diabetes Mellitus
A
Disorder of the metabolism
- Hormone insulin helps cells in the body absorb glucose and use it for energy
- Develops when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or isn’t able to use insulin
- Blood glucose levels become too high
22
Q
Type I Diabetes (Juvenile diabetes)
A
- Diagnosed in children and young adults
- Chronic
- Pancreas produces little to no insulin
- Patient becomes insulin dependent
23
Q
Type II Diabetes (Adult onset diabetes)
A
- Chronic
- Affects the way body processes sugar or glucose
- Patient is treated with lifestyle changes, oral medications and maybe insulin
24
Q
Hyperglycemia
A
- Shifting from too little food to consuming too much which causes insulin levels can change
- Too much blood sugar
- If untreated, may develop into diabetic ketoacidosis and a life-threatening diabetic coma
- Most common cause is skipping a meal
25
- Shifting from too little food to consuming too much which causes insulin levels can change
- Too little blood sugar
- Insulin shock, an abnormal decrease in the blood sugar level
- Most common cause is skipping a meal
26
Considerations for Diabetic Patients
- Minimize stress with short appointments
- Midmorning appointments
- Sedation techniques, nitrous oxide
- Instruct patient to maintain normal dietary intake prior to treatment
- Most common cause is failure to eat
Minimize risk of infection
27
Behavioral & Psychiatric Disorders
Changes in behaviors which can affect the treatment
28
Considerations for patients with behavioral and mental disorders
- Xerostomia may be a result to drug use
- Regular oral hygiene and use of fluoride supplements and saliva substitutes are important
- Patient cooperation and consent may cause issues especially with a patient suffering from anxiety
29
Child Abuse
Nonaccdental physical, emotional or sexual acts against a child
30
Child neglect
Intentional or unintentional failure to provide or the child's basic physical, emotional, educational and medical/dental needs
31
Dental neglect
Failure of a caregiver to seek and follow through with treatment necessary to ensure a level of oral health essential for adequate function and freedom from pain and infection
32
Physical Signs of child abuse/neglect
- Clothing that may conceal bruises
- Uncleanliness, body odor, soiled clothes showing lack of care from caregiver
- Infestation of live
- Failure of thrive - malnutrition
- Body ratio low for child's age and height (not WNL)
33
Behavioral Signs of Child Abuse/Neglect
- Aggressive & destructive
- Withdrawn
- Impulsivity, hyperactivity
- Strong desire to please
- Lower self esteem
- Highly depressive
- Less developed communication, reading and math skills
- Well developed problem-solving skills
34
Extraoral Signs of Trauma
- Abrasions and lacerations
- Accidental injuries on both body and face
- Human bite marks
- Burns
35
Conditions that Mimic Abuse
- Skin lesions - birthmarks
- Burns/red lesions - accidental burns
- Bruising - hemophilia, accidental injuries
36
Intraoral Signs of Child Abuse
- Tongue, buccal mucosa or palatal lacerations or burns
- Tears
- Fractured, displaced, avulsed or non-vital teeth
37
Signs of Sexual Abuse
- Bruising or small red/purple spots on palate
- Sexually transmitted genital lesions in mouth
Exhibiting difficulty in walking or siting
- Extreme fear of oral examination
- Early pregnancy
38
Intraoral Signs of Neglect
- Failure of caregiver to seek dental care
- Fails to follow through with treatment that are needed
- Lack of daily person care
- Rampant decay
- Gingival inflammation and bleeding
39
Reasons for Dental Neglect
- Low priority
Lack of education regarding the significance or oral health
- Limited finances
- Family isolation - little to no access to dental care
- Religious and/or cultural beliefs
40
Reasons for abuse or neglect
- Immature and unprepared for parenthood
- Witnessed violence as a child
-Unable to handle daily stress/struggles
- Drug use/ Alcoholism
- Lacking support network
- History of criminal activity
- Gender or social inequality
41
Elder Abuse and Neglect
- Affects all socioeconomic groups, cultures, races
- Victims are likely to die prematurely
- Women are at higher risk
- Poor physical health or cognitive impairments
- Could be intentional or unintentional neglect
- Family members are primary perpetrators of elder abuse
42
Signs of Elder abuse/neglect
- May appear withdrawn, anxious, or shy
- Provides illogical explanation of how injury occurred
- Depression or hostility (unfriendly)
- Flinching from other's movement
- Defer responses to a caregiver or abuser
- Show signs of fear or apprehension when caregiver is present
43
Types of records you take for ortho consultation (4)
- Extra-oral photos
- Addition to intra oral photos
- Diagnostic casts of teeth
- X-ray (Cephalometric/Pan)
44
What type of Xray image lets you see particular growth patterns?
Cephalometric xray
45
Apicoectomy
-Surgical removal of affected tooth apex with a hp handpiece and bur
-Removes remaining persistent infection of the root apex
46
Apical Curettage
-Often follows apecoectomy, removal of pathologic sode tissue around the infected root apex with the use of a curette
-Removes infection of the peri-radicular tissues
47
Retrograde Restoration (root end filling)
- Gingival tissue is flapped, small portion of bone one is cut to access apex of affected tooth.
- Rewuired when the apical seal is not adequate
47
Root Amputation
One or more of a multirooted tooth is amputated (max molars)
48
Hemisection
Half of a tooth's root and crown is cut lengthwise and removes (mand molars)
49
Procedure when only the coronal portion of the pulp is removed
Pulpotomy
50
Supernumerary teeth found at the midline
Mesiodens
51
Procedure used to facilitate closure of a diastema caused by thick frenulum tissue b/w the centrals
Frenectomy
52
List reasons why retaining primary teeth is important
-The proper nutrition intake
-Jaw and Face development
-To retain space for permanent teeth
-Esthetic reasons
53
According to Erikson, what basic conflict is present for a two-year-old child?
Autonomy vs shame
54
What is a child's level of intellectual capacity and development called?
Mental age
55
List two reasons stainless steel crowns are used as a restorative material in pedodontics.
[They can be prepared and placed at a single appointment]
[They are sufficiently durable to last until the primary teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth]
[They are almost always well tolerated by the gingiva of young patients]
[They are much less expensive than cast restorations]
56
Oral health conditions that geriatric (old) patients patients may experience
-Xerostomia
-Periodontal disease
-Root caries
-Brittle and yellowing teeth
-Bone resorption
57
What condition does down syndrome patients often present with (Facial Development)
Prognathic mandible (underbtie)
58
4 types of abuse
Physical, emotional, sexual and neglect
59
3 Classes of ortho treatment
-Interceptive
-Preventive
-Corrective
60
What class of ortho treatment is: Palatal expansion device?
61
What class of ortho treatment is:
Correction of oral habits?
Preventive
62
What class of ortho treatment is:
Full banding
Corrective
63
Name the type of traction device which fits around the patient's neck and is used to move maxillary first molars distally.
Cervical
64
Name the type of orthodontic appliance which uses the patient's muscle action to achieve required movement.
Functional
65
What material is used to open tight interproximal contacts to properly fit bands?
Separating elastics
66
What is the most commonly-used removeable retainer in orthodontics?
Hawley
67
The step of the endodontic procedure where the pulp chamber is opened so that infectious material may escape is called
Open and drain
68
The step of the endodontic procedure where the pulp canals are cleaned, shaped and bacteria are eliminated with chemical agents is called
Debridement
69
The step of the endodontic procedure where the pulp canals are filled with gutta percha and pulp canal sealer is called
Obturation
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