Depression

Question 1

endogenous depression

Answer 1

this type of depression is thought to originate from within the person via faulty physiology

Question 2

What is exogenous depression

Answer 2

attributed to external circumstances

–psychosocial and sociocultural perspectives emphasize exogenous explanations of depression

Question 3

What are the dignostic factors for a depressive episode

Answer 3

intense sadness and depressed mood or loss of interest in daily activities must lat >2w

Question 4

What is a manic episode

Answer 4

> 1w of persistently elevated mood

high energy and intense goal directed activities

Question 5

What is a hypomania episode

Answer 5

Short version of a manic episode

4-7 days in duration

Question 6

What is a mixed episode

Answer 6

manic+depressive symptoms rapidly alternating/coocuring

–symptoms last much longer than 2 weeks

Question 7

What are the categories of Major depressive disorder

Answer 7

MDD-single episode

MDD-recurrent

(there can be no history of mania or hypomaniac episodes tho or else its bipolar dx)

Question 8

Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder

Answer 8

I- >1 full blown manic episode

II- experienced both hypomanic and depressive episodes. No full blown manic episodes

Question 9

What is cyclothymic disorder and how to dx

Answer 9

Have both : hypomania + depressive symptoms but don’t rise to level of episode

symptom duration: 50% of time for over 2 years

Question 10

Categorization of Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 10

symptoms lasting >2years in adults, >1y in youth

symptoms don’t remit for more than 2 months at a time

Question 11

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 11

Dx in women who consistantly show depressive symptoms during the week before their menstrual periods

Question 12

what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 12

dx reserved for children/adolescents showing depressive symptoms combined with temper outbursts

Question 13

What is post partum depression

Answer 13

depression that develops in women who are preg or have given birth in last 4 w

Question 14

What are 3 major probs with DSM and ICD perspectives

Answer 14

1. Comorbidity issues
2. Threshold probs (how severe it needs to be is not always clear)
3. Competeing classification systems

Question 15

What % of the time do clinicians agree that a pt has depression

Answer 15

4-15% of the time

Question 16

What is monoamine hypothesis

Answer 16

holds that depression is caused by a shortage of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, NE, dopamine)

Question 17

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do

Answer 17

Inhibits monoamine oxidase, the brain enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters

Question 18

What do tricyclics do

Answer 18

Mainly affect the availability of NE and serotonin

-inhibits synaptic reabsorbtion of serotonin and NE

Question 19

how effective are antidepressants

Answer 19

50-75% effective

Question 20

shortcomings of monoamine hypothesis

Answer 20

1. antidepresents improve monoamine levels quick but effect does not appear for 2-4 weeks
2. Ecidence from rats show that long term SSRI use lowers serotonin levels

Question 21

what is the glutamate hypothesis of depression

Answer 21

proposes that depression is associated w high levels of glutamate

(ketamine works as it inhibits glutamate receptor)

Question 22

What are the main mood stabilizers for bipolar disorders

Answer 22

lithium
(Anticunvulsants)
(Antipsychotics)

Question 23

what is the hippocampus for and what happens to it in depression

Answer 23

limbic structure important for forming memories

volume can increase/decrease/stay the same in depression

Question 24

What is the amygdala for and what happens to it when depressed

Answer 24

plays a role in regulating basic emotions

increased activity in those who are depressed or anxious, volume decreases in depression

Question 25

Frontal lobe and what happens in depressed individuals

Answer 25

involved in executive funtioning, decision making etc

severely depressed ppl show reduced frontal lobe volume, mildely depressed dont

Question 26

Hypothalmic pituitary adrenal axis and what happens in depressed ppl

Answer 26

plays a role in managing the stress response and cortisol release

–hyperactive in depressed people

Question 27

psycodynamic perspective on depression

Answer 27

the difference bw simple grief and depression is that depressed ppl retired the repressed anger that have on to themselves

Question 28

cognitive behavioural perspective of depression

Answer 28

depression results from negative thinging about self, experiences and the future

Question 29

What are 5 distorted thinking patterns associated with depression

Answer 29

magnification- overemphasizing neg events
minimization- undermine and underemphaze pos events
overgeneralization- take one instance and apply broad
Personalization- assuming that others behaviour is about u
Selective abstaction- Taking a detail out of context