Depression Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
What are emotions comprised of?
A
Continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)
2
Q
Comprised of continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
A
b. Emotions
3
Q
What does the appraisal theory suggest about emotions?
A
Emotions are comprised of continuous and recursive components (Appraisal Theory)
4
Q
Subjective experiences, and are the result of our emotions
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
A
c. Feelings
5
Q
States that can be longer lasting, and more pervasive
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
A
a. Mood
6
Q
What are feelings?
A
Subjective experiences, and are the result of our emotions
7
Q
Feelings are the result of…?
A
Our emotions
8
Q
What are moods?
A
States that can be longer lasting, and more pervasive
9
Q
______ are normal and functional (they contribute to our decisions about how to behave)
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
A
b. Emotions
10
Q
Emotions are normal and functional
What does this mean?
A
They contribute to our decisions about how to behave
11
Q
They contribute to our decisions about how to behave
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
A
b. Emotions
12
Q
Emotions are _____ and _____
A
- Normal
- Functional
13
Q
Prolonged negative emotional experiences lead to …?
A
Mood problems which may then require treatment
14
Q
What are the 5 components of the appraisal theory?
A
- Appraisal
- Feeling
- Motor
- Somatic/arousal
- Motivational
15
Q
Environment, Self
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
a. Appraisal
16
Q
Physiological responses
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
d. Somatic/arousal
17
Q
Specific action tendencies / readiness
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
e. Motivational
18
Q
Subjective experiences
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
b. Feeling
19
Q
Expressive/instrumental behaviour
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
c. Motor
20
Q
“I am going to fail this!”
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
a. Appraisal
21
Q
Physically agitated & restless
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
c. Motor
22
Q
Dread, Fear
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
b. Feeling
23
Q
Decision to avoid
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
e. Motivational
24
Q
Rapid heartbeat
a. Appraisal
b. Feeling
c. Motor
d. Somatic/arousal
e. Motivational
A
d. Somatic/arousal
25
Who proposed the appraisal theory?
Moors et al (2013)
26
In everyday life, we talk about 'mood' to describe our _______ rather than the emotion we are experiencing in the moment.
State of mind
27
In everyday life, we talk about 'mood' to describe our state of mind rather than the _________ in the moment.
Emotion we are experiencing
28
Mood can be characterised as a pervasive state
What does this mean?
An emotion or set of emotions that have accumulated in a time frame
29
An emotion or set of emotions that have accumulated in a time frame
This is known as...?
A pervasive state
30
Can be characterised as a pervasive state
a. Mood
b. Emotions
c. Feelings
d. Behaviour
a. Mood
31
True or False?
Moods are only positively experienced
False
Moods are both positively and negatively experienced
32
True or False?
Moods comprise the full spectrum from low mood to elevation
True
33
When a mood state is negative, distinctly unusual, or significantly impacting a person’s quality of life it might be diagnosed as...?
Mood disorder
34
Define mood disorder
When a mood state is negative, distinctly unusual, or significantly impacting a person’s quality of life
35
What is included in the spectrum for Bipolar Disorder Type 1?
List 5
1. Major depression
2. Sub-syndromal depression
3. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
4. Hypo-mania
5. Mania
36
What is included in the spectrum for Bipolar Disorder Type 2?
List 4
1. Major depression
2. Sub-syndromal depression
3. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
4. Hypo-mania
37
What is included in the spectrum for Cyclothymia?
List 2
1. Sub-syndromal depression
2. Sub-syndromal elevated mood
38
What is included in the spectrum for Depression?
List 4
1. Sub-threshold
2. Mild
3. Moderate
4. Severe
39
What is considered less severe depression?
Select all that apply
a. Severe
b. Sub-threshold
c. Moderate
d. Mild
b. Sub-threshold
d. Mild
40
What is considered more severe depression?
Select all that apply
a. Severe
b. Sub-threshold
c. Moderate
d. Mild
a. Severe
c. Moderate
41
True or False?
Depression is one of the rarest disorders worldwide
False
One of the most common disorders worldwide
42
According to World Health organisation (2018), how many people of all ages around the world suffer from depression?
300 million
43
In ______ countries, depression was the primary driver of disability
a. 59
b. 34
c. 77
d. 26
d. 26
44
In 26 countries, depression was the primary driver of ...?
Disability
45
____% of people presenting to their GP have depression
a. 13
b. 24
c. 63
d. 48
a. 13
46
13% of people presenting to their GP have ...?
Depression
47
What is the life-time prevalence rate in UK for depression?
5%
48
What is the most common psychiatric disorder in later life?
Depression
49
_____% of population aged 65+ suffer significant depressive symptoms
a. 20-25%
b. 10-15%
c. 30-35%
d. 35-40%
b. 10-15%
50
10-15% of population aged _____ suffer significant depressive symptoms
65+
51
According to WHO, ____ will become the 2nd most common cause of disability worldwide (after heart disease) by 2020
Depression
52
According to WHO, depression will become the 2nd most common cause of _____ worldwide (after heart disease) by 2020
Disability
53
What are the symptoms of major depression?
List 3 points
1. At least 2 weeks of depressed mood, most of the day, nearly everyday
and / or
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day & sadness
3. Plus at least 3 of these symptoms:
- Significant change in appetite or weight
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation / retardation
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness and/or inappropriate guilt
- Diminished ability to think of concentrate
- Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
54
What 2 things does depression result in?
1. Distress
2. Functional impairment in the person’s life (e.g. occupational or social)
55
1. Distress
2. Functional impairment in the person’s life (e.g. occupational or social)
These are the results of...?
Major depression
56
How can we measure the symptoms of depression?
The symptoms are often noticed by others
Questions asked to patients would be: "Has anyone commented on you sleeping longer than usual these days?"
57
Significant change in appetite or weight
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
58
Insomnia or hypersomnia
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
59
Psychomotor agitation / retardation
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
60
Fatigue or loss of energy
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
61
Feelings of worthlessness and/or inappropriate guilt
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
62
Diminished ability to think of concentrate
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
63
Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
64
At least 2 weeks of depressed mood, most of the day, nearly everyday
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
65
At least 2 weeks of markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day
This is a symptom of...?
Major depression
66
What are the 4 different depression diagnoses?
1. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
3. Major Depressive Disorder
4. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
67
Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
What are they? (List 5)
1. Anxious Distress
2. Postpartum
3. Mixed Features
4. Melancholic Features
5. Atypical Features
68
What are the 3 key features of Major Depressive Order?
1. With Seasonal Pattern
2. With psychotic features
3. With panic attacks
69
What are the 3 key features of Other Specified Depressive Disorder?
1. Brief Recurrent
2. Short-duration depressive episode (4-13 days)
3. Depressive episode with insufficient symptoms
70
Anxious Distress
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
71
What are melancholic features?
When a person cannot be cheered up, their sadness is deeper within their depressive episode
72
What are atypical features?
Internally depressed but outwardly appear not depressed
73
Internally depressed but outwardly appear not depressed
This is known as...?
Atypical features
74
When a person cannot be cheered up, their sadness is deeper within their depressive episode
This is known as...?
Melancholic features
75
Depressive episode with insufficient symptoms
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
76
Short-duration depressive episode (4-13 days)
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
77
With panic attacks
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
78
Postpartum
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
79
With psychotic features
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
80
Mixed Features
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
81
Brief Recurrent
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
82
Melancholic Features
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
83
Atypical Features
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
84
With Seasonal Pattern
a. Major depressive episodes characterised by certain specifiers
b. Persistent Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Other Specified Depressive Disorder
c. Major Depressive Disorder
85
What are the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)?
1. Biogenetic
2. Sociocultural
3. Psychological
86
Familial risk
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
a. Biogenetic
87
Environmental factors
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
b. Sociocultural
88
Gender
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
89
Genetic differences in the
production and/ or uptake of certain neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
a. Biogenetic
90
Early & recent trauma
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
c. Psychological
91
Maladaptive schemas & coping
styles
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
c. Psychological
92
Ethnicity
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
b. Sociocultural
93
Rumination
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
c. Psychological
94
Physical health conditions
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
a. Biogenetic
95
Socioeconomic status
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
b. Sociocultural
96
Discrimination
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
b. Sociocultural
97
Meta-emotion
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
c. Psychological
98
(Self)stigma
Which of the 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference) does this apply to?
a. Biogenetic
b. Sociocultural
c. Psychological
b. Sociocultural
99
Biogenetic is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)
What are the 4 features of biogenetic?
1. Familial risk
2. Genetic differences in the
production and/ or uptake of certain neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)
3. Gender/sex
4. Physical health conditions
100
Sociocultural is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)
What are the 6 features of sociocultural?
1. Environmental factors
2. Gender
3. Ethnicity
4. Socioeconomic status
5. Discrimination
6. (Self) stigma
101
Psychological is 1 of 3 factors related to onset & maintenance of depression (reference)
What are the 5 features of psychological?
1. Early & recent trauma
2. Maladaptive schemas & coping styles
3. Rumination
4. Meta-emotion
5. Gender
102
What 3 things does NICE recommend for dealing with depression in adults?
1. Principles of Care
2. Recognition and assessment
3. Choice of treatments
103
What is principles of care according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?
Build a trusting relationship, explore treatment choices, be aware of stigma & discrimination
104
What is recognition and assessment according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?
Validated questionnaires, assess for severity of symptoms, previous history, duration, course of illness, impact on functioning, & risk assessment
105
What is choice of treatments according to NICE when dealing with depression in adults?
Discuss ideas/preferences, the recommended treatments, how & where they will be delivered
106
Build a trusting relationship, explore treatment choices, be aware of stigma & discrimination
a. Choice of treatments
b. Principles of Care
c. Recognition and assessment
b. Principles of Care
107
Validated questionnaires, assess for severity of symptoms, previous history, duration, course of illness, impact on functioning, & risk assessment
a. Choice of treatments
b. Principles of Care
c. Recognition and assessment
c. Recognition and assessment
108
Discuss ideas/preferences, the recommended treatments, how & where they will be delivered
a. Choice of treatments
b. Principles of Care
c. Recognition and assessment
a. Choice of treatments
109
How can we discuss first-line treatments for less severe depression?
List 3 points
1. Discuss treatment options and match the choice of treatment to clinical needs and preferences
Consider the least intrusive and least resource intrusive treatment first (guided self-help)
2. If the person has a clear preference, or experience from previous treatment to use as a guide, support the person's choice, unless there are concerns about suitability for this episode of depression
3. Do not routinely offer antidepressants as a first-line treatment unless that is the person's preference
110
How can we discuss first-line treatments for more severe depression?
List 2 points
1. Discuss treatment options with people who have a new. episode of more severe depression
Match their choice of treatment to their clinical needs and preferences
2. If the person has a clear preference, or experience from previous treatment to use as a guide, support the person's choice, unless there are concerns about suitability for this episode of depression
111
How are treatment options listed?
Listed in order of recommended use based on the committee's interpretation of their clinical and cost effectiveness and consideration of implementation factors
112
What is CBT based on?
Based on the cognitive model as a framework to understand a person's difficulty e.g depression
113
Based on the cognitive model as a framework to understand a person's difficulty e.g depression
This is known as...?
CBT
114
What does CBT focus on?
List 2 things
1. Unhelpful thinking
2. Unhelpful behaviour
(how people feel (reactions) is determined by the way they interpret situations)
115
How does CBT help depressed patients?
By teaching them to understand their experience and maladaptive thoughts they might have
116
The way situations are interpreted is via cognition, made up of 3 things
What are they?
1. Core beliefs
2. Dysfunctional assumptions
3. Negative automatic thoughts
117
What are core beliefs?
Core beliefs are rigid, overgeneralized, global beliefs about the self, world, and other people
118
What are dysfunctional assumptions?
People develop certain assumptions, or rules for living, that help protect them from the activation of their core beliefs
These assumptions get translated into actions which we understand as their coping strategies
119
People develop certain assumptions, or rules for living, that help protect them from the activation of their core beliefs
These assumptions get translated into actions which we understand as their coping strategies
a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Negative automatic thoughts
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
120
Rigid, overgeneralized, global beliefs about the self, world, and other people
a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Negative automatic thoughts
a. Core beliefs
121
How many sessions does CBT usually run?
26 sessions
122
People’s most superficial level of cognition
a. Core beliefs
b. Dysfunctional assumptions
c. Automatic thoughts
c. Automatic thoughts
123
Automatic thoughts are people’s most superficial level of cognition
Their underlying assumptions and core beliefs give rise to their ...?
Automatic thoughts
124
People’s assumptions help us understand their ...?
Unhelpful patterns of behaviour
125
People’s ______ help us understand their unhelpful patterns of behaviour
Assumptions
126
Collaboration between therapist and client help to identify and challenge ...?
Negative automatic thoughts
127
What can help to identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts?
Collaboration between therapist and client to
e.g. behavioural experiments, thus improving reactions
128
What are the 4 features of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation (what clinician tests on paper during CBT sessions)?
1. Thoughts/ cognitions
2. Behaviour/ doing
3. Feeling/ emotions
4. Physical symptoms
129
“It’s no good, nothing will get better” (hopeless)
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
130
Tired & lethargic
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
a. Physical symptoms
131
Tearful
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
a. Physical symptoms
132
Depressed
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
c. Feeling/ emotions
133
“I’m useless” (helpless)
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
134
Withdraw, stay in bed
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
d. Behaviour/ doing
135
Sick
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
a. Physical symptoms
136
Low
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
c. Feeling/ emotions
137
Cry
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
d. Behaviour/ doing
138
Argue/ snap at people
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
d. Behaviour/ doing
139
Stressed/ Anxious
What feature of the Hot Cross Bun Model of formulation does this apply to?
a. Physical symptoms
b. Thoughts/ cognitions
c. Feeling/ emotions
d. Behaviour/ doing
c. Feeling/ emotions
140
What are the 6 typical behavioural assignments (CBT)?
1. Activity scheduling (including social activities, self-care activities, exercise, and activities that can bring a sense of pleasure and/or achievement), especially for depressed clients
2. Exposure techniques, especially for anxious clients
3. Interpersonal skills, such as social skills, communication skills,
assertiveness skills
4. Emotional regulation, mindfulness or relaxation techniques
5. Problem solving
6. Using techniques to improve sleep, regulate eating, or decrease the use of harmful substances (patient trying different things in between their CBT sessions)
141
What is Behavioural Activation (BA)?
A model of depression based on learning theory
142
A model of depression based on learning theory
This is known as...?
Behavioural Activation (BA)
143
When people become depressed, a lot of their behaviour functions to avoid unpleasant thoughts, feelings or situations but this also leads to missing out on ...?
Positive reinforcers (especially social ones)
144
When people become depressed, a lot of their behaviour functions to avoid ______, ______ and ______ but this also leads to missing out on positive reinforcers (especially social ones)
Unpleasant thoughts, feelings or situations
145
What is Behavioural Activation (BA) designed to do?
To raise awareness of missing out on positive reinforcers and the unintended consequences of their actions
(i.e. that, rather than serve to improve the situation, client’s response can make the situation worse)
146
To raise awareness of missing out on positive reinforcers and the unintended consequences of their actions
(i.e. that, rather than serve to improve the situation, client’s response can make the situation worse)
This is known as...?
Behavioural Activation (BA)
147
What is involved in the formulation to intervention (Behavioural Activation (BA))?
List 4 points
1. Ruminate on why I feel so depressed and why I’m such a loser
&
Feel more depressed and ashamed and want to avoid
2. Sleep more during the day, watch rubbish TV
&
Feel more tired, partner criticises me, more arguments
3. Feel lethargic, put weight on, feel disgusted with myself
&
Comfort eat with lots of sweets and crisps
4. Feel more isolated, friends get fed up and ignore me. I feel more alone
&
Avoid friends, don’t answer phone or answer mail
148
How does Behavioural Activation (BA) work?
Works by targeting the behaviours that maintain depression
149
In Behavioural Activation (BA), what is not targeted?
Cognitions
150
In Behavioural Activation (BA), cognitions are not targeted but some ways of thinking (e.g. ruminating) might be characterised as ...?
A behaviour which allows the person to avoid other things
151
What does Behavioural Activation (BA) identify?
Identify goals (short, medium and long term) that are meaningful to the client
i.e. fit in with their values and abilities
152
Behavioural Activation (BA) identifies goals (short, medium and long term) that are ...?
Meaningful to the client
i.e. fit in with their values and abilities
153
Behavioural Activation (BA) involves ...?
List 4 things
1. Activity scheduling (avoided activities, not just pleasant ones)
2. Activity structuring
3. Social skills training
4. Problem-solving
154
Identify goals (short, medium and long term)that are meaningful to the client i.e. fit in with their values and abilities
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
b. BA
155
Works by targeting the behaviours that maintain depression
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
b. BA
156
Cognitions not targeted but some ways of thinking e.g. ruminating might be characterised as a behaviour which allows the person to avoid other things
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
b. BA
157
Activity scheduling (avoided activities, not just pleasant ones), structuring, social skills training, problem-solving
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
b. BA
158
Therapy interventions are based on ...?
MODELS of human behaviour
159
What does CBT mainly assume?
Our thinking is a heavy influence on our behaviour and that this is a symbiotic relationship
160
What does BA mainly emphasise on?
The role depressed behaviour has in perpetuating the depression through the process of avoidance
Behaviour change aims to manage that avoidance
161
Emphasises on the role depressed behaviour has in perpetuating the depression through the process of avoidance
Behaviour change aims to manage that avoidance
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
b. BA
162
Assumes our thinking is a heavy influence on our behaviour and that this is a symbiotic relationship
a. CBT
b. BA
c. Both
d. None
a. CBT
163
The aspect of the therapeutic intervention thought to successfully improve mood is known as ...?
The 'mechanism of change’
164
What is the 'mechanism of change'?
The aspect of the therapeutic intervention thought to successfully improve mood
165
Describe evidence proposed by Richards et al. (2016) on CBT vs BA
In a randomised control trial, BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, can be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training, with no lesser effect than CBT
166
Which is a simpler psychological treatment?
a. CBT
b. BA
b. BA
167
True or False?
BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, cannot be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training
False
BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, can be delivered by junior mental health workers with less intensive and costly training, with no lesser effect than CBT
168
Define context in terms of depression
The 'background' to the person's depression
169
The 'background' to the person's depression
This is known as...?
Context
170
Individual contexts would certainly be important in a psychological formulation.
However, there is sometimes criticism levelled at models informing psychological interventions
Why?
Because they don't always take into account the reality of the world in which a person is living (the wider context of where, and under what circumstances we live)
171
How does context influence mood?
Through the impact of appraisals and feelings on mood
172
What beliefs might these environments engender about yourself, the world, and others (key appraisals in depressive disorder)
This is known as...?
Appraisals
173
Define appraisals
What beliefs might these environments engender about yourself, the world, and others (key appraisals in depressive disorder)
174
If a person is living in a violent or impoverished neighbourhood, this is likely to have an impact on anxiety and depression
What is the appraisal for anxiety in this circumstance?
Appraisal = something bad could happen
175
If a person is living in a violent or impoverished neighbourhood, this is likely to have an impact on anxiety and depression
What is the appraisal for depression in this circumstance?
Appraisal = I am helpless to change this
176
True or False?
Working on intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns) or interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships) will impact on the physical environment of the individual client
False
Working on intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns) or interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships) will not impact on the physical environment of the individual client
177
What will not impact on the physical environment of the individual client?
List 2 things
Working on:
1. Intrapsychic phenomena (e.g. thinking patterns)
2. Interpersonal phenomena (i.e. relationships)
