Trauma Flashcards
Define trauma
Exposure to events and circumstances that are experienced as harmful (physically or emotionally) and that have lasting impacts on mental, physical, emotional and/or social well- being
Exposure to events and circumstances that are experienced as harmful (physically or emotionally) and that have lasting impacts on mental, physical, emotional and/or social well- being
This is known as…?
Trauma
Traumatic experiences might have a particular impact if they are…?
List 3 points
- Repeated or prolonged
- Interpersonal
- Multiple or occurring at critical stages of
development.
Define Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traditionally understood as a set of 10 traumatic events or circumstances occurring before the age of 18
A set of 10 traumatic events or circumstances occurring before the age of 18
This is known as…?
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
What is the prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in England?
In a study conducted in England, 47% of participants reported at least 1 ACE and 9% reported 4 or more ACEs
In a study conducted in England, ___% of participants reported at least 1 ACE
a. 39%
b. 62%
c. 12%
d. 47%
d. 47%
In a study conducted in England, __ % reported 4 or more ACEs
a. 9%
b. 22%
c. 41%
d. 77%
a. 9%
What are the 3 types of consequences to ACEs and they can result in a reduced lifespan?
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social
These are the 3 types of consequences to ACEs and they can result in …?
Reduced lifespan
Research has shown a link between ACEs and mental health difficulties such as …?
List 2
- Depression
- Anxiety
True or False?
The link between childhood adversity and psychosis is as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer
True
The link between childhood adversity and _____ is as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer
Psychosis
True or False?
We should ask what’s wrong with you instead of what’s happened to you
False
We should ask what’s happened to you instead of what’s wrong with you
Around _____% of people experiencing a traumatic event go on to develop PTSD
a. 10-15%
b. 25–30%
c. 15-20%
d. 35-40%
b. 25–30%
Around 25–30% of people experiencing a traumatic event go on to develop …?
PTSD
What are the 4 things required to diagnose an individual with having trauma?
- Intrusion
- Avoidance
- Hyperarousal
- Alteration in mood/beliefs
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
c. Hyperarousal
Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
Recurrent, involuntary, intrusive memories
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
a. Intrusion
Of circumstances resembling or associated with the stressor
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
b. Avoidance
Re-living the traumatic experience(s) in the here and now (flashbacks)
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
a. Intrusion
Irritability or outbursts of anger
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
c. Hyperarousal
Difficulty concentrating
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
c. Hyperarousal
Of trauma-related thoughts and feelings
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
b. Avoidance
Change to beliefs and expectations about oneself, the world and others.
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
Distressing dreams (nightmares)
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
a. Intrusion
Persistent trauma-related emotions (e.g. fear, horror, guilt, shame)
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
Experiencing distress when confronted with reminders of the trauma
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
a. Intrusion
Hyper-vigilance
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
c. Hyperarousal
Exaggerated startled response
Which does the above apply to?
a. Intrusion
b. Avoidance
c. Hyperarousal
d. Alteration in mood/beliefs
c. Hyperarousal
What are intrusions?
List 4 points
- Recurrent, involuntary, intrusive memories
- Re-living the traumatic experience(s) in the here and now (flashbacks)
- Distressing dreams (nightmares)
- Experiencing distress when confronted with reminders of the trauma
What is avoidance?
List 2 points
- Of circumstances resembling or associated with the stressor
- Of trauma-related thoughts and feelings
What is hyperarousal?
List 5 points
- Difficulty falling or staying asleep
- Irritability or outbursts of anger
- Difficulty concentrating
- Hyper-vigilance
- Exaggerated startle
response
What is alteration in mood/beliefs?
List 3 points
- Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event
- Change to beliefs and expectations about oneself, the world and others.
- Persistent trauma-related emotions (e.g. fear, horror, guilt, shame)
True or False?
Complex trauma is a diagnosis in the DSM
False
Complex trauma is not a diagnosis in the DSM
All of the difficulties commonly associated with trauma are also related to difficulties with…?
List 3 points
- Relationships
- Emotion regulation
- Self-concept
All of the difficulties commonly associated with trauma are also related to difficulties with relationships
Explain how
Difficulties in forming and maintaining close relationships with others
All of the difficulties commonly associated with trauma are also related to difficulties with emotion regulation
Explain how
- Experiencing strong emotions such as anger, fear
- Feeling emotionally numb
All of the difficulties commonly associated with trauma are also related to difficulties with self-concept
Explain how
- Beliefs about oneself as worthless
- Feelings of shame and guilt
What is the NICE guideline for post-traumatic stress disorder?
Offer an individual trauma-focused CBT intervention to adults with a diagnosis of PTSD or clinically important symptoms of PTSD who have presented more than 1 month after a traumatic event
What are the 4 different types of interventions for PTSD?
- Cognitive processing therapy
- Cognitive therapy for PTSD
- Narrative exposure therapy
- Prolonged exposure therapy
What intervention is recommended for non-combat related trauma only?
EMDR
EMDR is also recommended for ______ only
Non-combat related trauma
How many PTSD treatment sessions should be conducted ideally?
List 2 points
- Over 8 to 12 sessions
- But should be more if individual is clinically indicated, for example if they have experienced multiple traumas
What should PTSD treatment include to inform individuals of their circumstances?
Psychoeducation
What types of psychoeducation should be included in PTSD treatments?
List 3
- Reactions to trauma
- Strategies for managing arousal and flashbacks
- Safety planning
True or False?
PTSD interventions should not involve elaboration and processing of the trauma memories
False
PTSD interventions should involve elaboration and processing of the trauma memories
True or False?
PTSD interventions should involve processing trauma-related emotions, including shame, guilt, loss and anger
True
PTSD interventions should involve processing trauma-related emotions, including…?
List 4
- Shame
- Guilt
- Loss
- Anger
Why should we provide help for individuals with PTSD?
To help them overcome avoidance