Depression Flashcards
(35 cards)
Katz & McGuffin, 1993
80% 1st degree relatives of a person with bipolar I are thought to have bipolar I
Kelsoe, 1977
Monozygotic twins 60% concordance rate bipolar disorder
Atshuler et al 2001
abnormalities of the thyroid function are frequently accompanied by changes in mood – administration of a thyroid hormone makes antidepressants work better. Bipolar
Harvey 2008
During manic episodes patients have very little sleep, by choice, not insomnia. During depression too much sleep is observed. Bipolar
Goodwin & Jamison, 2007
Bipolar patients seem very sensitive to any change in routine that means re setting body clock. During bipolar blood flow to the left prefrontal cortex is reduced during depression, during mania it is increased in some parts of the prefrontal cortex. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in brain activity research. Evidence for increased norepinephrine activity during manic episodes Serotonin activity appears to be low in both depressive and manic phases
Elevated levels of dopamine produce manic levels
Johnson and miller, 1997
Those with severe negative events took 3 times as long to recover from manic/depressive episodes
Bender and Alloy, 2011
It is argued that as the illness develops manic/depressive episodes become more autonomous and do not usually need negative events to be activated
Quilty, 2009
Personality variable of neuroticism predicts depressive symptoms and mania
Meyer 2001
o Increased sensitivity to reward (High levels of striving for achievement) in the environment predicted increases in manic symptoms
kupfer et al 2012
MDD twice as common in women than men. Depression specific psychotherapies should be used to treat MDD, ECT is frequently used and is effective for hallucinatory and delusionary aspects of depression. Evidence for and against the safety of SSRIs is listed
van Rossum et al 2006
MDD associated with polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene.
Fiske et al 2009
suicide rates in elderly are higher and more closely related to depression than in youth
Protective factors for depression = higher education and soci-economic status, engagement in valued activities, religious/spiritual involvement. Genetic risk expresses itself earlier rather than later in life span. Protective factors include resources, meaningful engagement in activities
Wetheral et al 2001
anxiety typically proceeds depression
Nolen-Hoeksome and ahrens (2002)
No of stressful life events is associated with depression in later life
Whyte et al 2006
stroke patients who preventatively take anti-dep are less likely to become depressed than those on placebo
Barbui et al 2009
Questions whether SSRIs and other anti depressants increase risk of suicide with people who are depressed. Meta analysis of 8 studies and 200,000 patients revealed exposure to SSRIs increases the risk of suicide in adolescents but decreases it in adults and has protective effect in over 65s
Lemelin et al, 1996
lower cognitive task scores in MDD
Rampello et al 2000
MDD the result of an imbalance between several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, noradrenalin, dopamine + acetylcholine.
Brown & Harris (1978)
Must susceptible to MDD working class women, with more than 3 children, no close confidante, unemployment + father died when young, are more prone to depression
HOLEN-HOEKSEMA (1990):
M are more able to distract themselves from negative thoughts
Freud 1917
depression results from an imagined or symbolic loss. The failure to pass the oral stage of grieving
Seligman 1975
learned helplessness
BECK (1997)
Faulty cognitive schemas. Focused on CBT
Anderson (1998)
14% patients on tricyclics discontinue use due to side effects vs. 9% SSRIs
