old age Flashcards
(28 cards)
Jalbert 2008
cause of beta amyloid plaques thought to be related to having the APOE-E4 gene. AD most common cause of dementia. 5.7 years is median time to death from first clinical contact
Shim and morris 2011
AD. • The jury is out on weather the plaque build up is part of the disease itself or in fact the bodies defence response. –Interestingly Amyloid deposits can be seen more than ten years before onset of disease. Neurofibrillary tangles thought to be accelerated by burden of amyloid in the brain
Karran 2001
it is not known if symptoms become obvious when amyloid plaques reach a certain threshold, or if amyloid build up itself triggers other destructive processes that eventually culminate in symptoms.
Gotz 2001
Animal studies, in which mice have been genetically modified to be highly susceptible to developing Alzheimer’s disease support the idea of neurofibrillary tangles
Schliebs & Arendt, 2006
Research suggest that the most severely affected structures are a cluster of cell bodies located in the basal forebrain and are involved in the release of Ach
Winblad et al. 2001
drugs that stop the break down of Ach alleviate symptoms
Honolulu-Asia Ageing Study
large longitudinal study of Japanese American males from midlife to later adulthood. Heavy smoking in midlife associated with higher risk of AD
men who walked more than 2 miles a day had a lower risk of AD than those who walked ¼-1 mile a day
Nun study
Snowdon et al, 1986
Elderly nuns who showed signs of AD had decades earlier written essays low in idea density + grammatical complexity
HAGNELL et al, 1992
Lifetime risk of VD is 4.7% for men, 3.8% for women
Farrell+Ganzini 1995
Up to 40% of cases of delirium are misdiagnosed as depression
purdie et al 1981
Retrospective review of 100 hospital admissions for delirium: 44% cases were superimposed on another brain malfunction
thompson 2000
theb rain is the most complex structure in the universe
Speck et al 1995
episodes of depression can double the risk for AD even 20 years later
trzepacz et al 2002
v common for elderly to develop delirium after surgery
Fricchione et al 2008
risk factors for delirium are dementia, depression and tobacco use. Involves a disturbance of consciousness, change in cognition, takes a short time to develop
Bondi and Haye 2001
at least 50 different disorders known to cause dementia e.g. repeated head injury, degenerative brain disease, infectious diseases (meningitis)
Toulouse and sullivan 2008
0.5-1% of 65-69 and 1-3% 80+ have parkinsons. Smoking and drinking coffee may provide some protection but reasons for this are unclear
Marsh and mangolis 2009
25% of people with parkinsons will show signs of dementia
Lyhetsos et al 2000
delusions often found in AD perhaps because of damage to the temporal lobe
Abbott 2011
dementia will roughly double every 20 years, to 65.7 million in 2030
Wilson et al 2000
study of 800. Those who were lonely were twice as likely to develop AD. other risk factors were smoking, less education, low income, low occupational status
Ballard et al 2011
Three genetic contributions found for early onset AD:
Amyloid precursor protein mutation in gene on chromosome 21 (associated with onset 55-60
presenilin 1 and 2 mutation (chrom 14 and 1)
ApoE E4 allele on chrom 19. having two alleles results in a 7 fold chance of getting AD
Sperling et al 2003
hippocampus less active when ad are engaged in memory tasks
Alzheimer’s association
estimated cost of $172 billion for dementia
