Substance abuse Flashcards
(24 cards)
HSER et al., 1993
24yr follow-up study highlights a pessimistic view of the lives of alcoholics
James Olds 1950s
Pleasure centre discovered
SOLOMON & CORBIT
Opponent-process theory. Many experience a crash after being high. high pos. feelings are followed by high neg. feelings
This mechanism is strengthened with use, and weakened by disuse
Need more of the drug to achieve the same results (tolerance)
Neg. feelings that follow drug use also intensify
Best remedy is more of the same drug, ‘hare of dog’
NOLL et al. 1990
Children age 3-6 were a given smelling task
They were presented with 9 substances: apple juice, play-doh, popcorn, coffee, perfume, beer, whisky, wine, cigarettes
More than ½ the older children recognised beer, wine or whisky,
20% of the youngest children identified alcohol
OSTERBERG, 1986
Alcohol consumption in Poland is low, yet arrests for drunkenness are high compared to Holland
Ball & Ross, 1991
When addicts combine methadone with counselling, many reduce drug use + engage in less criminal activity
O’Brien, 1996
Some who use methadone benefit significantly, but may be dependent on it for the rest of their lives
EMRICK et al. (1993):
AA. those who regularly participate + follow guidelines more likely to have a positive outcome
Dr Bob & Bill W (1935)
Developed the Alcoholic’s Anonymous treatment model
Finn et al, 1997
Genetic risk of alcoholism. It could be argued that only total abstinence can ensure that these at risk individuals and those who have previously been alcoholics is the only way to ensure they don’t relapse
Cotton, 1979
Males with 2 alcoholic parents are 41% more likely to be an alcoholic
Goodwin, 1973
Adoption studies rule out environmental influences
Littrell, 2001
- Alcohol has been shown to stimulate the “pleasure pathway” in the brain – namely the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP) – when this area is artificially stimulated by electricity it produces strong pleasure
Bottlender et al, 2007
3 year long study found that controlled drinking was a rare phenomena among recovering alcoholics. 103 consecutively recruited alcohol-dependent participants. - 43% of patients were abstinent during total period. Of all patients that had improved mentally (classified by the Feurelein and Kufner criteria) non of them practiced controlled drinking
Schulsinger, 1986
a lot research exists that does not see any biological underlays of alcoholism / genetic vulnerability
Polich et al 1981
found that 18% of prior alcoholics were able to drink socially without issue
Sinha, 2008
As laboratory models of stress and negative mood induced alcohol craving are predictive of relapse outcomes it follows that social cues (parties in which one is surrounded by alcohol) are just as bad cues/stressors as controlled drinking therefore controlled drinking & therapy may be amore realistic form of combat against the risk of relapse. Sinha 2008
Nordstrom 1987
has found that social drinking is twice as likely as complete abstinence in recovering alcoholics, What’s more the abstainers had more stress in life prior to curing. This suggests that those who were more unstable personalities/can’t cope with stress need to be disciplined not to drink
Miller et al (1986)
it has been found that those with less severe alcoholism are able to drink in moderation. Evaluated the results of four long-term follow-up studies of controlled-drinking treatment programs. Found a clear trend of increased numbers of abstainers and relapsed cases. They also found that those less severe cases (15% across all studes) were able to successfully control their drinking moderation
Ferrie et al 2006
lack of experimental evidence on effectiveness of AA
Moos and Moos
Recommend referral agencies to refer people to AA rather than treatment, Found that longer attendance was associated with less drinking at 8/16 years
Kashutas 2009
literature seems to be widely subject to interpretation when regarding AA
D’ souze, sewell and ranganethan, 2009
Little evidence to support the notion that cannabis smoking causes schizophrenia however cites articles (e.g. moore et al, 2007) that suggest cannabis exposure increases the odds even if modestly
Balakrishnan et al 2009
Good for introduction to alcohol essays. ‘the burden of alcohol related ill health in the uk.’ Estimated alcohol in 2005 cost NHS £3 billion and 31000 deaths. Is a considerable burden.
