depression, bipolar and schizoaffective disorder

Question 1

10 DSM-5 symptoms of depression

Answer 1

depressed mood
diminished interests
weight loss
insomnia
psychomotor agitation
loss of energy
dimished ability to think or concentrate
thoughts of death

Question 2

what are 4 characteristics of depression

Answer 2

psychological symptoms
motivational deficits
physical symptoms
cognitive symptoms

Question 3

what is bipolar disorder

Answer 3

persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least one week alternating episodes of major depression
severe mania severe depression

Question 4

what are 5 DSM5 symptoms of bipolar

Answer 4

inflated self esteem
decreased need for sleep
distractibility
increased risky behaviour

Question 5

what are 3 behavioural features of hypomania

Answer 5

racing thoughts
poor judgement
increased reckless behaviour

Question 6

what is schizoaffective disorder

Answer 6

an uninterupted period of illnes during which there is a major mood episode

Question 7

what are the two mood episodes in schizoaffective disorder

Answer 7

bipolar and depressive

Question 8

what are 4 delusions of schizoaffective disorder

Answer 8

grandeur - beign famous
persecution- others trying to harm them
control- thoughts controlled by external forces
reference- radio or tv taking to them

Question 9

what do hallucinations affect

Answer 9

visual, auditory, olfactory and somatosensory domain

Question 10

what is the medical treatment for MDD

Answer 10

tricyclic antidepressents

SSRIs

Question 11

what is the medical treatment for bipolar disorder

Answer 11

lithium- mood stabiliser

Question 12

what is the medical treatment of schizoaffective disorder

Answer 12

manic type- lithium antipsychotics
depressive type- tricyclic antidepressents and SSRIs
antipsychotics

Question 13

what are the four biological theories for MDD

Answer 13

genetic factors
neurochemical
brain abnormalities
neurenodocrinal factors/stress

Question 14

describe the neurochemical factors role in MDD

Answer 14

associated with low levels of brain transmitters

depression can be treated by drugs that raise levels of serotonin and noradrenaline

Question 15

what are the two neurotransmitter associated with MDD

Answer 15

serotonin

noradrenalin/norepinephrine

Question 16

what are the 5 brain areas associated with MDD

Answer 16

prefrontal cortex
anterioir cingulate cortex
hippocampus
amygdala
cerebellum

Question 17

what neural substrate potentially associated with the functions of MDD

Answer 17

insular cortex

Question 18

how was the potential involvement of insular cortex in MDD explored

Answer 18

questionnaires and VBM-MRI

Question 19

what is depression associated with

Answer 19

high levels of cortisol

Question 20

what is cortisol

Answer 20

is released in stressful situations

Question 21

why is permanent release of cortisol harmful

Answer 21

its neurotoxic and can lead to atrophic changes in brain

Question 22

what are the three psychological theories of MDD

Answer 22

cognitive
learned helplessness
attributional studies

Question 23

what are the cognitive theories

Answer 23

negative cognitions and slef-schema

Question 24

what did aaron beck propose

Answer 24

cognitive theory

Question 25

what did cognitive theory propose

Answer 25

depression maintained by negative thinking and negative schemas

Question 26

what are negative schemas charcterised

Answer 26

negative triad

Question 27

what is becks negative triad

Answer 27

identifying- helping client recognise negative automatic thoughts linking- help clients see how their negative automatic thoughts activate and perpetuate mood states modifying- help clients generate alternative ways of thinking

Question 28

what is learned helplessness

Answer 28

theory of depression that argues people become depressed followinf unavoidable negative life events

Question 29

what are attributional studies

Answer 29

depressd individuals tend to attribute negative events to causes that cannot be easily changed or manipulated

Question 30

what are the three factors in attributional studies

Answer 30

internal stable global

Question 31

what are the 6 biological treatments for MDD

Answer 31

``` drug therapy electroconvuslive therapy neurosurgery for mental disorder social skills training behavioural activation therapy ```

Question 32

how do SSRIs work

Answer 32

SSRIs are also able to trigger neurogenesis in the hippocampis

Question 33

how do drug treatments for MDD work

Answer 33

effect by increasing levels of brain neurotransmitters serotonin and noradrenaline

Question 34

what is electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 34

common when can not be controlled by medication | induces neurogenesis in hippocampal regions

Question 35

what is neurosurgery for MDD

Answer 35

anterioir capsultomy | anterior cingulotomy

Question 36

what is social skills therapy

Answer 36

assums depression in part results from individuals ability to communicate and socialise

Question 37

what are two features of social skills training

Answer 37

role playing tasks, positive reinforcement | use of eye contact

Question 38

what is behavioural activation therapy

Answer 38

increasing clients access to pleasent events daily monitoring of pleasent events social skills

Question 39

what is cognitive therapy

Answer 39

helping individuals idnetify their negative beliefs | assisring clients challenge negative beliefs