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Y2: PS2001 > Stats 1 > Flashcards

Stats 1 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

what is the standard deviation

A

mesure variabilty in data

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2
Q

what is z score

A

used for comparing a range of measurements

express how many sd units away from the mean a point in normal curve is

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3
Q

what is central limit theorem

A

distribution of all sample means will approach normal distribution
whilst individual sample means may deviate from the population mean,the mean of all sample means will equal the population mean
as the sample size increases, SD of sampling distribution decreases

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4
Q

what is the standard error of the mean

A

a statistic that represents the standard deviation of the sampling distribution

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5
Q

what does standard error represent

A

how confident we can be that our sample mean represents the population mean

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6
Q

what is population mean

A

mean of the sample means

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7
Q

what is type I error

A

rejecting null hypothesis when its true

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8
Q

what is type II error

A

accepting null hypothesis when its false

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9
Q

how does a small sample differ from normal sample on graph

A

pointier around mean

fatter around extreme

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10
Q

what determines df

A

shap of graph

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11
Q

how do we measure homogeneity of variance

A

examine sds

levenes test

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12
Q

what is the non parametric alternative for single sample t test and independent samples t test

A

wilcoxon signed ranks

mann-whitney u-test

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13
Q

what does a conservative alpha rate do

A

raises the chance of type II errror

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14
Q

how is familywise error corrected

A

using bonferroni method

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15
Q

what are two problems with multiple comparisons

A

computationally inefficient

increases overall probability of type 1 error

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16
Q

what is familywise error

A

the probability of making one or more false discoveries, or type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests

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17
Q

what is ANOVA

A

a stat test designed for factors with more than two levels that is computationally efficient
does not compromise type I error

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18
Q

what is between groups variance

A

the deviations of the group means from grand overall mean

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19
Q

describe the trend of between groups variance

A

the greater the group means differ from the grand mean, the bigger this will be

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20
Q

what is within groups(error)variance

A

the deviation within each group from each group mean

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21
Q

describe the trend of within groups (error) variance

A

the more scores within each vary from each other, the bigger this will be

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22
Q

what should between groups variance consist of

A

any treatment or condition effect plus measurement error

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23
Q

what should within groups (error) variance consist of

A

should consist only of measurement error

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24
Q

what does between groups vdf relate to

A

number of conditions

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25
what does within groups(error) df relate to
participants per condition
26
what does the shape of f distribution depend on
2 dfs
27
what is degrees of freedom
the number of values in the calculation of each mean that free to vary
28
how do we calculate between groups df
nc-1
29
how do we calculare within groups (error) df for nk equal and nk varies
nc(nk-1) | N-nc
30
how is f distribution determines
by its two degrees of freedom
31
when is an f value significant
if it exceeds critical value(the value below which 95% of distribution lies)
32
how do we determine the distribution
examine histograms
33
what is between subjects ANOVA
compare different groups to determine whether any of the groups are significantly different from each other ANOVA equivalent of independent samples t-test
34
what is nonparametric alternative for between subjects ANOVA
kruskal-wallis test
35
how do we calculate between subjects ANOVA
sums of squares calculate dfs mean squares test statistic
36
what is within subjects ANOVA
compares different observations from the same group to determine whether any of the sets of observations are significantly different equivalent to paired samples t test
37
what is non-parametric alternative to within subjects ANOVA
friedman test
38
what is an additional assumption for within subjects ANOVA
sphericity
39
what is sphericity
the variances of the differences between conditions should be equal
40
how is sphericity measured
mauchlys sphericity test
41
what are pairwise comparisons
tell us there is a difference between some of the conditions
42
how do we follow up for specific hypotheses
planned or priori contrasts
43
how do we follow up for no specific hypotheses
post hoc tests
44
what is planned contrasts
compare only those conditions which you have hypotheses using t tests
45
how does bonferroni correction work
divide the alpha by the number of comparisons you are making
46
what are post hoc tests
compare all cases using an accepted post hoc using tukeys HSD
47
describe post hoc tests and family wise error
do best to control it without making alpha so conservative that significance is missed
48
compare bonferroni and tukeys
b = most conservative
49
what are general naming conventions
a design with x factors is an x-way design
50
what are specific naming conventions
each level in IV listed 3x3x4
51
why are complex designs unusual
complicated to interpret between subjects; require large number of participants within subjects; take too long per participant
52
when are factorial designs needed
more than one IV independently affects DV | when more than one IV combine to affect a DV
53
how are IV independently affecting DV determines
looking at ANOVA main effects
54
how are IV combined to affect DV determined
looking at ANOVA interaction effects
55
what are the main effects
most straightforward results within a factorial design
56
what do main effects represent
how one iV irrespective to the others affects the DV
57
what are main effects based on
summary data at the level of individual IVS(margiginal means)
58
how do you read a 2x2 chart to determine main effects are present
look at marginal means | if they are identical, no main effecr
59
what is problem with main effects
can be misleading
60
what are interactions
more complex results within a factorial design
61
what do interactions represent
how two or more IVs combine to affect DV
62
how do we know if there is an interaction
lines are crooked
63
what happens if we have an interaction
the effects of one IV are dependent on the state of the other IV
64
how do we measure covariance
sphericity
65
how many f values do factorial anovas have
3
66
how do you calculate the mean in excel
=AVERAGE()
67
how do you calculate SD in excel
=STDEV()
68
how do you calculate variance in excel
=POWER(A,2)
69
how do you compute descriptive statistics in SPSS
analyse descriptive statistics descriptives
70
how do you calculate a t test in excel
+TTEST(array1, array2, tails, type)
71
what is assumed if levenes is significant
unequal variances
72
how do we count the number of boxes in excel
=COUNT
73
how do we calculate the f value in excel
=F.INV
74
what do we calculate for a between subjects ANOVA in SPSS
univariate
75
what is the kruskal wallis test
compares the sums of groups ranks
76
how do we know if kruskal wallis test is significant
one groups summed ranks value is much higher than the other groups
77
what is friedman test
compares the sums of treatment conditions ranks
78
what do between subjects data always require in SPSS
coding variables
79
what do we always want from levenes and mauchlys tests if we are to assume with our tests
not significant
80
how do we report a significance of .000
.001
81
how do we find means for factorial ANOVA
looking at marginal means table
82
what does bonferroni correction do for familywise error
keeps it at 0.05 level of significance
83
which row in an SPSS table to do we look at if a mauchlys test is not significant or not available
sphericity assumed
84
what row in a SPSS table do we look at if mauchlys is significatn
greenhouse geisser

Y2: PS2001 (35 decks)

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