Depressive Disorders Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the minimum number of symptoms required for diagnosis?
5-9 symptoms
This criterion ensures that the symptoms are clinically significant.
What is Criterion A for diagnosis?
Depressed and irritable mood
Constant pervasive negative affective state such as hopelessness or total absence of feeling.
What does Anhedonia refer to in Criterion B?
Inability to experience pleasure
Loss of interest in enjoyable activities and reduced motivation.
What are the two types of weight disturbances in Criterion C?
- Loss (hypophagia)
- Gain (hyperphagia)
Fluctuations or unintentional appetite changes of 5% of body weight within one month.
What types of sleep disturbances are listed in Criterion D?
- Initial - Difficulty falling asleep
- Terminal - Waking too early
- Middle - Repeated wakening
- Hypersomnia - Excessive sleep without feeling rested
These disturbances can exacerbate other symptoms.
What is Criterion E related to?
Psychomotor Disturbances
Includes agitation (restlessness) and slowing (predictive of SSRI responsivity).
What does Criterion F describe?
Fatigue
Lethargy that exacerbates other symptoms like memory impairments.
What feelings are described in Criterion G?
Guilt and worthlessness
Focus on self and feelings of self-loathing and rumination.
What is assessed in Criterion H?
Executive function
Reduced ability to think, concentrate, and make decisions.
What does Criterion I refer to?
Suicidal ideation
Includes passive thoughts and active thoughts with intent to act (SLAP assessment).
What characterizes the Melancholic subtype of depression?
- Non-reactive mood
- Anhedonia and blunt affect
- Weight loss
- Insomnia
- Lowered libido
Unique features include diurnal variations in mood and higher suicide completion rates.
What are the characteristics of the Atypical subtype of depression?
- Low mood reactivity
- Weight gain
- Hypersomnia
- Sensitivity to interpersonal rejection
- Leaden paralysis
It has an underactive HPA and increased risk of chronic health conditions.
What is the aetiology of depression based on?
Complex interaction of brain, stress, genetic, and environmental factors
This contributes to the heterogeneity of depression.
What does Beck’s cognitive model describe?
Systematic negative biases in thoughts and perceptions
Negative cognitive schemas impact the interpretation of self, world, and future.
What is rumination in cognitive perspectives?
Continuous mental replaying of negative feelings and events
It contributes to the persistence of depressive symptoms.
What does the Monoamine Hypothesis suggest?
Low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine relate to depressive symptoms
These neurotransmitters are crucial for mood, energy, and pleasure.
What role does the HPA axis play in depression?
Activates stress responses through feedback loops
Involves the brain, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
What functions does the Prefrontal Cortex regulate?
Executive function
It is involved in decision making and social behavior.
What is the role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex?
Attention and emotion processing
It plays a role in affective regulation and social behaviors.
What is the function of the Hippocampus?
Memory formation
Smaller volume is associated with memory impairment and cognitive decline.
What does the Amygdala process?
Emotion processing and arousal
Hyperactivation leads to a bias toward emotional stimuli.
What does the Interpersonal behavioral model emphasize?
Rejection and self-esteem issues promote reassurance seeking
This perpetuates symptoms by removing positive reinforcement.
What are the four types of antidepressants?
- SSRI - increase serotonin by blocking reuptake
- SNRI - block reuptake and increase serotonin and norepinephrine
- TCA - block reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
- MAOI - block the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
Some types lack sufficient data for efficacy.
