Derived from practice tests

Question 1

Point biserial vs. biserial

Answer 1

Relationship between two variables

Biserial: one variable is artificially dichotomized and one is continuous
Point biserial: one variable is true dichotomy and the other is continuous

Question 2

Helms stages of White racial identity development (6 stages)

Answer 2

1. Contact: lack of racial awareness & exhibit racist attitudes and beliefs; minimal contact w/ diverse groups
2. Disintegration: greater awareness of racial differences leading to moral conflict; increased contact w/ diverse groups
3. Reintegration: attempt to resolve conflict by adopting racist views of minority groups; deny racism exists
4. Pseudo-Independence: questioning of racist views & acknowledges white roles in racism
5. Immersion-Emersion: confrontation of biases & understand White privilege; focus on changing self
6. Autonomy: adopt a non-racist white ID

Question 3

Properties of Piaget’s pre-operational stage (6 elements)

Answer 3

Ages 2-7

1. Egocentrism: assume everyone else sees things from the same viewpoint; can’t separate one’s perspective from others
2. Magical thinking: belief that thinking about something will cause it to occur
3. Animism: belief that inanimate objects have lifelike characteristics
4. Centration: tendency to focus on one aspect of an object/situation while ignoring others
5. Irreversibility: lack of understanding that operations/processes can be reversed
6. Transductive reasoning: don’t understand cause/effect

Question 4

Properties of Piaget’s concrete operational stage (3 elements)

Answer 4

Ages 7-11

Conservation: ability to understand that physical characteristics of an object stays the same even if they appearance changes (e.g., changing liquid height in different glasses)

This depends on…
Decentration: considering more than 1 characteristic of an object at a time
Reversibility: recognizing that processes can be reversed

Question 5

Properties of Piaget’s formal operational stage (4 elements)

Answer 5

Ages 11+

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: ability to test hypothesis by varying one aspect of the situation while holding other aspects constant
Propositional reasoning: the ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without concrete evidence; certain assumptions true -> certain conclusions true

Adolescent egocentrism includes…
Imaginary audience: belief that always center of attention
Personal fable: belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws that govern others

Question 6

Coefficient of determination

Answer 6

R squared

Proportion of variability in one variable that is accounted by variability in another variable

Question 7

Forer effect

Answer 7

Another name for the Barnum effect; when you attribute vague information as being related to you (e.g., psychic readings)

Question 8

Functional fixedness

Answer 8

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions

Question 9

Subjective validation

Answer 9

Validating words, initials, statements, or signs as accurate because one is able to find them personally meaningful and significant

Question 10

Reframing in family therapy

Answer 10

Relabeling or redefining a problem behavior in order for the family to see it in a new light (e.g., labeling child “talk back” to expressing insecurity and need for love)

Usually to increase the family’s compliance with treatment

Question 11

Which WISC-III subtests measure freedom from distractibility?

Answer 11

Arithmetic and Digit Span

Question 12

Deep dyslexia

Answer 12

Includes “semantic paralexia” which involves producing a word that is similar in meaning to the target word (e.g., dog for cat or arm for long)

Question 12

Which Big Five personality traits are associated with antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 12

Low agreeableness and conscientiousness
High neuroticism and extroversion

Question 13

Adrenal vs. pituitary gland

Answer 13

Adrenal: secretes cortisol
Pituitary: gonadotropic hormones

Hypothalamus controls gonads through its influence on the pituitary gland

Question 14

Thermal vs. EMG biofeedback

Answer 14

Thermal: skin temperature; more effective in treating migraines than relaxation therapy
EMG: muscle tension; treats tension headaches and is equally effective as relaxation therapy

Question 15

Semantic vs. syntactic bootstrapping

Answer 15

Semantic: using knowledge of the meaning of a word to infer its syntactical category (meaning –> syntax)
Syntactical: using syntactical knowledge to deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar word (syntax –> meaning)

Question 16

Morita therapy

Answer 16

Psychology of action; Japanese

Emphasis is on learning to accept the internal fluctuations of thoguhts and feelings and ground behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment.
Focus on external environment, behavior, and distinguishing what is/is not controllable

Question 17

Naikan therapy

Answer 17

Psychology of reflection; often combined with Morita therapy

Based on clients asking themselves three questions: what have I received from? What have I given to? What troubles or difficulties have I caused? Through self reflection, a client’s awareness of the role they play int he relationship or situation, the amount of support they’ve received, and an appreciation of others is said to increase

Question 18

Pseudodementia

Answer 18

Pseudodementia is a set of symptoms that mimic those of dementia but have other underlying cause. Usually depression.

Question 19

Briquet’s Syndrome

Answer 19

A somatization disorder. Patients feel that they have been sickly most of their lives and complain of a multitude of symptoms referable to numerous different organ systems

Question 20

Heinz Kohut

Answer 20

Developer os self-psychology
Work on narcissism
According to Kohut, a consistent lack of parental empathy is what leads to narcissism, so to help the narcissistic client develop a more cohesive sense of self, the therapist must provide empathy

Question 21

Marlatt & Gordon’s theory of substance dependence

Answer 21

Addictive behaviors are acquired and that addiction is an “overlearned maladaptive habit pattern”

Question 22

What’s an ecological model?

Answer 22

How multiple factors influence behavior, health, or the environment

Levels of influence (usually demonstrated through overlapping circles)

Question 23

Damage to the right vs. left frontal lobe

Answer 23

Right: disinhibition/impulsiveness; happy indifference; jocularity
Left: reduced speech, depression, apathy

Question 24

Hypoglycemia and which disorders it is mistaken for during the (1) acute phase (2) chronic phase

Answer 24

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range (endocrine disorder) Acute phase: panic/anxiety Chronic phase: depression, psychosis, personality change

Question 25

Terms from communication-interaction therapy: -Principle of equifinality -Command vs. report function -Circular model of causality -Paradoxical strategy

Answer 25

Principle of equifinality: no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same Report function: content or informational aspect of communication Command function: often conveyed nonverbally; relationship between communicators Circular model of causality: symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns Paradoxical strategies: prescribing the symptom, relabeling (changing the label a family attaches to a problem behavior in order to change its meaning)

Question 26

Kohler's animal experiments

Answer 26

With chimps Insight learning: "aha experience," finding a sudden novel solution; sudden cognitive restructuring of the environment

Question 27

Favorableness of a situation in Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership

Answer 27

Low LPC leader (task-oriented) most effective in very favorable or unfavorable situations Favorable situation depends on... 1) Leader's relationship with subordinates 2) Degree of task structure 3) Leader's power

Question 28

Gould and Gross found neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons or nerve cells, in all of the following areas except: A) the olfactory system B) the hippocampus C) the PFC D) the striate cortex

Answer 28

D - striate cortex (handles the initial more rudimentary steps of visual processing)

Question 29

What is a person with Somatization Disorder most likely to have as a comorbid disorder?

Answer 29

A personality disorder

Question 30

Which personality disorder has the best prognosis?

Answer 30

BPD - most show significant reduction or remission of symptoms by middle age or sooner

Question 31

Which BPD symptoms are the quickest to resolve with age?

Answer 31

Impulsive symptoms

Question 32

Which BPD symptoms are the slowest to resolve with age/more chronic/least improvement?

Answer 32

Affective symptoms

Question 33

When is Tic Disorder NOS more appropriate as dx?

Answer 33

1) Symptoms last less than 4 weeks 2) Onset after 18 years 3) Only one motor tic and only one vocal tic

Question 34

Transient Tic Disorder vs. Tourette's

Answer 34

Transient: at least 4 weeks but no longer than 12 months Tourette's: More than 12 months

Question 35

Define these: 1) social identity theory 2) social comparison 3) self-perception theory 4) self-verification theory

Answer 35

1) Tajfel; social identity, i.e., self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing one's own group (ingroup) is attractive and belittling the members of other groups (outgroup) 2) people self-evaluate by comparing themselves with similar others when objective information is not available 3) when clear internal cues are absent, individuals infer feelings and beliefs by observing their behaviors/external cues 4) we seek confirmation of our self-concept (whether the confirmation is positive or negative; e.g., when depressed person prefers negative feedback)

Question 36

Early full remission, early partial remission, and sustained full remission for substance dependence

Answer 36

Early: more than one month, less than 12 months Sustained: more than 12 months Full: no longer meets any criteria Partial: one or more of the criteria for substance dependence are still met

Question 37

What is the four day work week correlated with?

Answer 37

Absenteeism and satisfaction

Question 38

Complementary communication

Answer 38

Vs. symmetrical where there is equality between partners There is inequality (with one member taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role); e.g., an older brother teaching his younger brother how to ride a bike

Question 39

Which symptom is the clearest indication that someone has substance dependence?

Answer 39

Clear signs of tolerate and/or withdrawal

Question 40

What brain region is damaged in prosopagnosia?

Answer 40

Bilateral occipitotemporal area

Question 41

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 41

Bandura The relationship between personal factors or cognitions, behavior, and the environment take turns influencing or being influenced by each other. E.g., "aggressive thoughts result in aggressive behavior, which in turn has the effect of causing others to have aggressive thoughts"

Question 42

Responsive deprivation theory

Answer 42

When an animal's normal response rate (e.g., eating food) is restricted (e.g., by food deprivation) that behavior becomes more preferred and therefore reinforcing

Question 43

Probability-differential theory

Answer 43

I.e., Premack principle An activity will have reinforcing properties when its probability of occurrence is greater than that of the behavior it is intended to reinforcement Using a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior, e.g., Grandma's rule

Question 44

Escape vs. avoidance conditioning

Answer 44

Escape = stopping an aversive stimulus that is occurring Avoidance = preventing an aversive stimulus from occurring

Question 45

"Terminal drop" phenomenon

Answer 45

In the months before death, a substantial drop in all facets of intelligence occurs

Question 46

The brain part or system that manages the circadian rhythm is located in the A) caudate nucleus B) cerebellum C) reticular activating system D) hypothalamus

Answer 46

Hypothalamus - which contains the SCN While the RAS is involved in many functions related to sleep, circadian rhythm (e.g., biological clock) is managed by the SCN; SCN passes information about light from the retinal to the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin

Question 47

Job commitment is most correlated with which outcomes?

Answer 47

Absenteeism and turnover

Question 48

Where is STM vs LTM stored?

Answer 48

STM: PFC LTM: Hippocampus

Question 49

What does the elaboration likelihood model have to do with?

Answer 49

Persuasion. This is the theory that has to do with the central vs. peripheral route

Question 50

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Answer 50

hyper excitability, convulsions, and death

Question 51

Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

Answer 51

1. Conformity: positive attitudes for dominant group & negative attitudes towards own minority group 2. Dissonance: confusion & conflict over contradictory attitudes towards both groups 3. Resistance and immersion: active rejection of dominant group and positive attitudes towards own minority group 4. Introspection: uncertainty about rigidity of stage 3 beliefs 5. Integrative awareness: recognize that both groups have positive qualities; need to actively examine values/beliefs of different groups before accepting/rejecting them

Question 52

method of loci

Answer 52

The method of loci is a mnemonic device, a trick used to help store and retrieve information. To use the technique, someone imagines a physical location, then places objects in that mental space which correspond to the things which must be remembered.