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VET 411: Skin > Derm Antibiotics > Flashcards

Derm Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

percutaneous administration

A

application of the drug to the skin

topical or transdermal

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2
Q

topical administration

A

achieves local concentrations

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3
Q

transdermal administration

A

achieves systemic concentrations

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4
Q

what is the major barrier to drug administration on the skin

A

stratum corneum

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5
Q

how do drugs move through the epidermis

A

passive diffusion either intracellular or intercellularly

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6
Q

what drug factors affect drug movement through the skin

A

solubility, concentration, molecular weight, vehicle

  • must be able to partition out of vehicle
  • must be able to diffuse through stratum corneum/epidermis

once it reaches dermis –> absorbed into circulation

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7
Q

what cutaneous factors affect drug movement through the skin

A

hydration, thickness, integrity of stratum corneum, blood flow

  • skin is POORLY perfused; systemically administered drugs take longer to reach the skin and are in lower concentrations
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8
Q

broad spectrum antibiotics

A

effective against a wide range of microorganisms

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9
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

effects against a limited range of microorganisms

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10
Q

bacteriostatic

A

ability to inhibit growth of an organism; relies on animals own immune system to kill the organism

  • tetracyclines, lincosamides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim
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11
Q

bactericidal

A

ability to kill an organism

  • beta-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, lincosamides
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12
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

the target concentration to achieve therapeutic effect

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13
Q

PAE

A

post-antibiotic effect

the period of suppression of bacterial growth after a short exposure of the organism to the drug

drug will still have effect after concentration falls below the MIC; allows for longer time between doses

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14
Q

time-dependent PK:PD

A

efficacy of the drug depends on the amount of time spent above the MIC

PDC > MIC for majority of dosing interval

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15
Q

concentration dependent PK:PD

A

efficacy of the drug depends on reaching a certain concentration

Cmax / MIC = 10-12

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16
Q

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. inactivating enzymes
  2. decreased drug accumulation
  3. altering binding sites
  4. development of alternative metabolic pathways
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17
Q

first tier antimicrobials

A

“go-to” drugs that are effective for most infections without requiring susceptibility testing

  • clavamox
  • 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporins
  • clindamycin
  • lincomycin
  • potentiated sulfonamides
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18
Q

second tier antimicrobials

A

used when 1st tier antimicrobials are ineffective and when indicated by susceptibility testing

  • doxycycline
  • minocycline
  • chloramphenicol
  • fluoroquinolones
  • aminoglycosides
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19
Q

examples: B-lactams

A

penicillins:
- clavamox

cephalosporins:
- cephalexin, cefadroxil
- cefovecin (Convenia), cefpodoxime

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20
Q

B-lactams: PK/PD and MOA

A

time dependent

bactericidal - disrupts proteoglycans in cell wall

21
Q

B-lactam resistance

A
  • dec. penetration through cell wall
  • efflux through pumps
  • altered penicillin binding proteins
  • B-lactamases
22
Q

B-lactamases

A

enzymes that inactivate B-lactam antibiotics

23
Q

B-lactamase inhibitors

A

bind to B-lactamase enzymes to inhibit activity

do NOT have antibacterial activity

ex. clavulanic acid

24
Q

B-lactam side effects

A

safe

  • gi upset
  • CNS reactions
  • hypersensitivity
25
Q

lincosamide examples

A

clindamycin, lincomycin

26
Q

lincosamide PK/PD and MOA

A

time-dependent

bacteriostatic at low dose
bactericidal at high dose

inhibits protein synthesis

27
Q

lincosamide resistance

A

altered drug binding by bacterial ribosomes

28
Q

lincosamide adverse effects

A

rare in small animals

contraindicated in horses due to enteritis/colitis

29
Q

potentiated sulfonamide examples

A

ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine

trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS)

30
Q

pot. sulfonamide PK/PD and MOA

A

bactericidal
- each component is bacteriostatic on their own, bactericidal when combined

inhibits folic acid synthesis

31
Q

potentiated sulfonamide resistance

A
  • increased PABA production
  • decreased sulfonamide binding
32
Q

potentiated sulfonamide side effects

A
  • crystalluria
  • dry eye
  • hypersensitivity
  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
33
Q

tetracycline examples

A

doxycycline
minocycline

34
Q

tetracycline PK/PD and MOA

A

time-dependent

bacteriostatic
- inhibits protein synthesis

35
Q

tetracycline resistance

A
  • decreased drug uptake
  • active transport out of cell
  • altered target
36
Q

tetracycline adverse effects

A
  • GI upset
  • esophageal strictures
  • binding to bone and teeth
37
Q

chloramphenicol PK/PD and MOA

A

time dependent

bacteriostatic & broad spectrum
- inhibits protein synthesis

38
Q

chloramphenicol resistance

A
  • production of metabolic enzymes
39
Q

chloramphenicol side effects

A
  • anemia
  • GI upset
40
Q

fluoroquinolones examples

A

enrofloxacin (Baytril)
ciprofloxacin

41
Q

fluoroquinolones PK/PD and MOA

A

concentration dependent

bactericidal
- inhibits DNA replication

42
Q

fluoroquinolones resistance

A

mutation in gene coding binding site

43
Q

fluoroquinolones adverse effects

A
  • retinal degeneration in cats
  • GI upset
  • developmental arthropathy
44
Q

aminoglycoside examples

A

amikacin
gentamicin

45
Q

aminoglycoside PK/PD and MOA

A

concentration dependent

bactericidal
- inhibits protein synthesis

46
Q

aminoglycoside administration

A

injectable only

47
Q

aminoglycoside side effects

A
  • ototoxicity
  • nephrotoxicity
48
Q

what is the goal of an antibiotic dosage regimen

A

maximize drug concentrations at the site of infection

49
Q

what causes therapeutic failure

A
  1. poor drug penetration to target
  2. drug resistance
  3. inadequate dose
  4. inadequate duration of administration

VET 411: Skin (16 decks)

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