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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

The skin makes up ?% of the total body weight of a newborn puppy?

A

24%

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2
Q

The skin makes up ?% of the body weight in an adult animal?

A

12%

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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4
Q

What are the differences between Human and Animal Skin?

A
  • humans have more sweat glands
  • human skin is thicker
  • animals have multiple hairs on 1 follicle
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5
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

most superficial layer that contains cells, but not blood vessels

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6
Q

What is the Dermis?

A
  • middle layer

- composed of: blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers and the accessory organs of skin such as glands and hair follicles

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7
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A
  • subcutaneous

- deepest layer that is composed of connective tissue (fat)

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8
Q

What does the Skin protect the animal from?

A
  • environment

- physical, chemical and mircobial injury

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9
Q

What do the sensory organs in the Skin allow the animal to do?

A

feel pain, heat, cold, touch and pressure

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10
Q

What is the Skin the “storage depot” for?

A
  • electrolytes
  • water
  • protein
  • fats
  • carbohydrates
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11
Q

What does the Hypodermis store?

A
  • fat for insulation

- energy reserves

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12
Q

What are the functions of the Skin?

A
  • enclosing barrier
  • environmental protection
  • temperature regulation
  • sensory perception
  • motion and body shape
  • antimicrobial
  • blood pressure control
  • secretion
  • adnexa
  • storage
  • pigmentation
  • excretion
  • Vitamin D production
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13
Q

Enclosing Barrier

A

protects the internal environment of the body from water and electrolyte loss

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14
Q

Environmental Protection

A

protects the internal environment from the external environment

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15
Q

Temperature Regulation

A

maintains the animal’s coat and regulates the blood supply to the cutaneous tissues, which regulate heat dissipation and retention

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16
Q

Sensory Perception

A

contains sense organs for touch, temperature and pain

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17
Q

Motion and Shape

A

allows for motion and provides a definition to the body

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18
Q

Antimicrobial

A

contains antimicrobial and antifungal properties

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19
Q

Blood Pressure Control

A

the peripheral vascular beds within the skin help to control blood pressure

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20
Q

Secretion

A

contains both apocrin and sebaceous glands

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21
Q

Adnexa

A

produces hair, nails, hooves and horny layers of the epidermis

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22
Q

Storage

A

stores electrolytes, water vitamins,fats, proteins, carbs and other substances

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23
Q

Pigmentation

A

process within the skin (melanin formation) helping to determine coat and skin color and provide solar protection

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24
Q

Excretion

A

the animal’s skin has a limited excretory function

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25
Vitamin D Production
the skin is essential for solar energy activation, which is necessary for normal calcium absorption
26
What is Dermatology?
study of disease of the skin
27
What is Dermatosis?
skin disease
28
What is Alopecia?
hair loss
29
What is Seborrhea?
excessive secretion of sebum (oily secretion of the sebaceous glands composed of fat and epithelial debris)
30
What is Scale?
flakes of stratum corneum on the skin surface or hair coat | comes in various colors
31
What is Erythema?
increased redness
32
What is Collarette?
circular arrangement of scale with central area of hyperpigmentation
33
What is Crust?
accumulation of dead cells and exudate on skin surface
34
What are Ectoparasites?
external parasites
35
What is Skin Scraping?
method of examining skin for parasites
36
What is Dermatophyte?
fungi that grow on the skin
37
What is Dermatomycosis (ringworm)?
a skin infection with keratinophilic fungi (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)
38
What is Pyoderma?
bacterial infection of skin (superficial, deep)
39
When is a Fungal Culture?
lab test used to grow dermatophytes for identification | used for ringworms
40
What is Bacterial Culture and Sensitivity?
lab test used to grow and identify bacteria from lesions and determine antibiotic sensitivity
41
What is Impetigo?
superficial bacteria skin infection seen in young dogs "puppy pyoderma" (staph)
42
What is Acne?
pores clogged with oil forming "blackheads", especially chin
43
What is a Lesion?
area of altered skin
44
What is a Rash?
wide spread eruption of lesions
45
What is Hyperpigmentation?
increased pigmentation (melanin) of skin (epidermis/dermis)
46
What is Lichenification?
thickening and hardening of skin characterized by exaggerated superficial skin markings
47
What is a Cyst?
fluctant nodule, walled off, fluid filled
48
What is a Macule?
a focal, circuscribed, nonpalpable change in color <1 cm (when its larger, termed a patch)
49
What is a Papule?
small, circumscribed, solid elevated lesion of the skin | 1 cm
50
What is a Wheal?
a sharply circumscribed, raised, edematous lesion that appears and disappears within minutes to hours
51
What is a Pustule?
a small, elevated, circumscribed, pus containing lesion of the skin within the epidermis
52
What is an Abscess?
localized collection of pus | larger than a pustule
53
What is Cellulitis?
swollen, tender area of skin with bacterial infection | can develop into an abscess
54
What is Granulation Tissue?
new tissue in a healing wound | consists of connective tissue and capillaries
55
What is an Erosion?
loss of skin surface shallow, moist, crusted doesn't penetrate basement membrane
56
What is an Ulcer?
loss of epidermis resulting in exposure of dermis
57
What is a Comedone?
dilated hair follicle blocked with sebum and other cellular debris
58
What is Seborrhea?
abnormal flaking or scaling of the epidermis and may be accompanied by increased oil production (seborrhea oleasa) or not (seborrhea sicca)
59
What is the normal skin cell turnover time?
~3weeks
60
What is the Primary cause of Seborrhea?
hereditary as in American Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Westies, Basset Hounds
61
What are the Secondary causes of Seborrhea?
disease/injury to skin from other causes | allergies, parasites, nutritonal disorders, immune mediated, endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism)
62
What are the 2 types of Seborrhea?
- seborrhea sicca: dry, only scaliness | - seborrhea oleosa: oily + scales
63
What do Keratolytics do?
- remove excess keratin and promote loosening of the outer layers of the epiderms - break down protein structure of kerating layer, permitting easier removal of material
64
Where are Keratolytics found?
medicated shampoos
65
What Medicated Shampoos are used for Seborrhea Sicca?
- sulfur (keratolytic, antipuritic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic) - salicyclic acid (KL, AP, AB)
66
What Medicated Shampoos are used for Seborrhea Oleaso?
- coal tar (degreaser, keratolytic) | - benzoyl peroxide (also for moist dermatitis, pyoderma, stud tail)
67
What is the treatment for Seborrhea?
- clip hair so shampoo can penetrate - if secondary, treat underlying cause (antifungal and/or antibacterial meds) - Omega 3 fatty acid supplements (anti inflammatory, antipuritic properties)
68
What are the causes of Seborrheic Fungal Dermatitis?
- Malassezia species | - some commensal on skin (normal)
69
How do you diagnose Seborrhic Fungal Dermatits?
cytology | skin impressions
70
How do you treat Seborrheic Fungal Dermatits?
- 2% miconazole/ 2% chlorhexidine shampoo - selenium sulphide - other antifungals(ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole) - oral ketoconazole X 3+ weeks (not for dogs and cats)
71
What are Pyodermas?
bacterial infections that involve the skin | may be primary or secondary, superficial or deep
72
Pyodermas occur when:
- skin surface broken - skin maccerated by chronic exposure to moisture - normal bacteria altered - circulation impaired - immunosuppression
73
What are Superficial Pyodermas?
- involve only superficial epidermis - healing occuring without scarring - short duration - rarely systemically ill - skin around lesions remain normal - affected portions may be ulcerated or traumatized by animal
74
What is the cause of Pyodermas in dogs?
staph intermedius
75
What is the cause of Pyodermas in cats?
pasteurella multocida
76
What are the causes of Deep Pyodermas?
gram negative organisms (e. coli, proteus sp., pseudomonas sp.)
77
Wh:at are the risk factors of Pyodermas?
- allergies - fungal infections - endocrine diseases - immune incompetence - seborrhea - conformation ex: skin folds - trauma - foreign bodies
78
Where do Superficial Pyodermas commonly affect?
trunk
79
Where do deep Pyodermas commonly affect?
chin, nose, pressure points, feet, generalized skin folds
80
What are the most common Superficial Pyodermas?
- acute moist dermatitis (hot spots) - impetigo - acne
81
What are the clinical signs of "Hot Spots"?
red, moist, painful areas that ooze hair loss, very pruitic develops very fast
82
What is the signalmant for "Hot Spots"?
heavy coated, water loving, breeds (golden retrievers, lab retrievers, newfoundlands, german shepherds, st. bernards) hot, moist summer months
83
How do you diagnose "Hot Spots"?
visual inspection
84
How do you treat "Hot Spots"?
- clip hair from lesions to expose edges - clean skin with medicated shampoo - topical antibiotics/steroid creams or sprays - treat original disease - systemic steriods/antiibiotics
85
What is the client info for "Hot Spots"?
- clean area on daily basis to speed healing - wash hands after treating to prevent contaimination - e collar might be needed
86
What is the signalment for Impetigo?
young dogs | secondary infection : malnourishment, debilitation, poor hygiene
87
What are occasionaly seen in cultrues from Impetigo?
strep | staph
88
What are clinical signs of Impetigo?
seen on abdomen lesions (pustules that rupture to form honey colored crusts) nonpuritic nonpainful
89
How do you diagnose Impetigo?
physical appearence in young animals | culture and sensitvity
90
How do you treat Impetigo?
systemic antibiotics | antibiotic creams
91
What is some client info for Impetigo?
not contagious | continue treatment for atleast 2 weeks after lesions disappear
92
What is the signalment for Acne?
dogs (3-12 months of age, short coats) | cats (can be chronic)
93
What clinical signs of Acne?
swollen and painful chin "dark spots" on chin large blackheads on chin febrile
94
How do you diagnose Acne?
appearance | r/o bite would abscesses
95
How do you treat Acne?
``` clip hair on chin antibacterial soap large blackheads may require removal clean with human acne product (stridex) systemic antibiotics ```
96
What is client info for Acne?
may become chronic | clean chin daily
97
What is the signalment for Skin-Fold Pyoderma?
spaniesl and setter (lip fold) pekinegeses and pugs (facial fold) boston terriers and pugs (tail fold) obese dogs of any breed (tail and vulvar folds)
98
How do you diagnose Skin-Fold Pyoderma?
affected area will be moist, red and ulcerated
99
How do you treat Skin-Fold Pyoderma?
``` clip and clean area dry lesions. drying agents may be used (corstarch) antibiotic ointments surgical removal of excess skin weight reduction ```
100
What is client info for Skin-Fold Pyodermas?
require long term treatment affected areas need to be kept clean and dry weight reductions keep hair away from eyes
101
What are clinical signs for Deep Pyodermas?
papules and pustules with crusting febrile draining fistule tracts
102
How do you diagnose Deep Pyodermas?
clinical signs culture and sensitivity biopsy
103
How do you treat Deep Pyodermas?
daily cleaning antibiotic creams antibiotics
104
What is client info for Deep Pyodermas?
organism responsible is usually drug resistant treatment may be prolonged and expensive in large breeds may lead to diabetes mellitus and cushings some may never recover
105
What is the cause of Ear Mites?
otodectes cynotis | live on surface of skin in external ear canal, feeding on epidermal debris
106
What are clinical signs of Ear Mites?
ear canals filled with brown-black crusty exudate animal scratching ears scrapes on side of face
107
How do you diagnose Ear Mites?
otoscope | adult mites and eggs visible on microscopic exam of smears
108
How do you treat Ear Mites?
ear meds (otomite, mitaclear, topical ivermectin, revolution, tresaderm)
109
What is client info for Ear Mites?
life cycle is 3 weeks, eggs hatch every 10 days. treatment must be continuted for atleast 30 days highly contagious not zoonotic
110
What is the life span of the adult flea?
6-12 months
111
What is the female production rate of egg?
20-28 eggs/day (up to 50)
112
What is the incubation period of flea eggs?
2-12 days
113
What happens during the Larval Stage of the Flea?
(needs humidity) feed on organic material and flea waste 2 molts larva pupates (spins cocoon)
114
How long is the Larval Stage of the Flea?
14-21 days
115
What happens during the Pupal Stage of the Flea?
most resistance | lasts days to months depedent on environmental factors
116
What is the flea the intermediate host for?
dog tapeworm (dipylidium caninum)
117
What are clinical signs of fleas?
scratching/biting at skin commonly affected areas :tail head area, inner thigh areas may be red, inflammed and scabbed small, pepper like granules found on skin and hair coat
118
How do you diagnose fleas?
finding fleas finding flea dirt finding lesions
119
How do you treat fleas?
``` sprays, dips, powders, shampoos advantage program frontline sentinel revolution ```
120
What is client info for Fleas?
treat environment and animal can be zoonotic all animals must be treated skin damage/dermatitis can occur
121
What is the scientific name for the Brown Dog Tick?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
122
What is the primary host of the Brown Dog Tick?
dog
123
What are clinical signs for Ticks?
- tick or "lump" attached to animal - weakness or pale mucus membranes - ascending, flaccid paralysis - arthritis like symptoms of lameness, joint and muscle pain, fever (Lyme disease)
124
How do you diagnose Ticks?
- -finding a tick on animal | - history of exposure to grassy, wooded areas known to have tick infestations
125
How do you treat Ticks?
- manual removal of ticks - topical treatments - collars - topical systemic treatments - advantix - revolution - environmental treatments - removing brush, limiting rodent populations and keeping grassy areas cut
126
What is client info for Ticks?
- check all animals for ticks - prevalent during spring and summer - do not use gasoline, kerosene or lighted cigarettes to remove ticks - do not use bare hands - ticks aren't species specific
127
What are the 3 primary diseases called "mange"?
- demodectic mange - sarcoptic mange - notoedric mange
128
Where do Mites spend their entire life cycle?
on the host
129
What are the 2 types of Demodectic Mange?
localized | generalized
130
What are the clinical signs of Localized Demodectic Mange?
- almost always a young dog (3 months - 1 year)- - alopecia (face, eyes, mouth, ears, forelegs, trunk) - erythema (redness), sometimes red and crusty (red mange)
131
What are clinical signs of Generalized Demodectic Mange?
- febrile - entire body surface involved - secondary bacterial skin infections with pustules
132
How do you diagnose Demodectic Mange?
``` skin scrapings (deep) culture and sensitivity test ```
133
How do you treat Localized Demodectic Mange?
- rotenone (goodwinol ointment) topical daily | - Mupiricin (Bactroban)
134
How do you treat Generalized Demodectic Mange?
- Mitaban dips - ivermectin - interceptor - oral antibiotics
135
What is client info for Demodectic Mange?
- will outgrow mange as they age - not contagious to humans or other animals - treament will never completely remove mites - don't breed previously infected animals - treatment may be prolonged in some animals - generalized form may be fatal
136
What are clinical signs for Sacroptic Mange?
- red, crusty lesions on ears, elboys and elsewhere on trunk - intenslely pruritic - secondary bacterial skin infections - progressively becomes more severe
137
How do you diagnose Sarcoptic Mange?
- skin scrapings (deep) | - skin biopsies
138
How do you treat Sarcoptic Mange?
- dips are frequently used - paramite dip - ivermectin - paramite dust
139
What is client info for Sarcoptic Mange?
- highly contagious among dogs - not very zoonotic - mites don't remain on humans longer than a few hours - similar disease seen in cats, not same mite - dog mite rarely affects cats
140
What is the signalment for Cheyletiellosis?
dogs cats rabbits humans
141
How is Cheyletiellosis transmitted?
direct contact | fomites
142
What are clinical signs of Cheyletiellosis?
pruritis dry scales along entire body patchy hair loss from scratching
143
How do diagnose Cheyletiellosis?
collect scales with clear tape flea comb skin scraping ID with microscope
144
How do you treat Cheyletiellosis?
weekly baths with flea control products containing pyrethrins or permethrin and/or lime sulfur dip
145
How do you diagnose "Warbles"?
usually seen in young puppies, kittens and rabbits large swelling behind ears, neck, or face in rabbits: lesion may be in nasal cavity swelling has an opening (fistula) which larva can be seen through
146
How do you treat "Warbles"?
fistula opening can be incised to remove larva wound should be flushed with diluted Betadine oral or topical antibiotics to combat skin infections
147
How do you diagnose Myiasis (Maggots)?
matted hair, bad odor, painful reaction when petted in specific area found on PE
148
How do you treat Myiasis (Maggots)?
``` clip hair from lesions flush area with water to remove larva manually remove larva oral antibiotics keep pet indoors ```
149
What is client info for Myiasis (Maggots)?
- its a disease of neglect - heavy coated animals should be clipped during hot summer months - avoid using toxic dips - keep pet areas clean to avoid attracting flies
150
How do you diagnose Lice?
pet may become ill tempered and agitated intense itching anemia can develop presence of lice or nits on hair coat
151
How do you treat Lice?
treat all animals in the house with insecticide dip clip all hair bathe with good shampoo all bedding and grooming tools must be washed thoroughly ivermectin can be given orally
152
What is Dermatophytosis?
superficial cutaneous infection
153
What are the 3 primary Dermatomycoses?
- microsporum gypseum - trichophyton mentagrophytes - microsporum canis
154
How is Dermatophytosis transmitted?
- direct contact - contact with infected hair and scale - fomites
155
What are clinical signs of Dermatophytosis?
- rapidly growing circular patches of alopecia - some areas may be red, raised and crusty - lesions are most common on face and head - hairs in lesion may be broken - owners may notice similar lesions on themselves
156
How do you diagnose Dermatophytosis?
- woods light exam | - fungal culture (definitive)
157
How do you treat Dermatophytosis?
clip affected areas topical systemic environmental
158
What is Atopy (Atopic Dermatitis)?
allergy to inhaled environmental substances and manifested through irritation of skin and ears, usually starting at 1-2 years of age
159
What allergens cause Atopy?
- dust mites - pollen - feathers - mold - animal and human dander - tobacco smoke
160
What are clinical signs of Atopy?
- pruritis - self trauma to skin +/- secondary bacterial infections - staining of hair from saliva - licking/chewing feet - alopecia, scaling, hyperpigmentation
161
How do you diagnose Atopy?
- accurate history is critical | - rule out food allergies, flea allergies, sarcoptic mange, contact dermatitis, before diagnosis of atopy can be made
162
How do you treat Atopy?
-no cure -id and eliminate cause -treat any bacterial or fungal infections medication and allergy shots -omega 3 fatty acids -antihistamines
163
How do you diagnose Food Allergies?
- elimination diets | - if improves, reintroduce original protein to see if symptoms recur
164
What are clinical signs of Otitis Externa?
- head rubbing or shaking - ear scratching - head tilt, with affected ear down - brownish, greenish-yellow discharge) - lichenification, hyperpigmentation, crusts, erythema, excoriations - aural hematoma
165
What are predisposing factors of Otitis Externa?
- conformation(heavy, pendulous ears, stenotic ear canals, ear hair) - excessive moisture - hypersensitivities
166
How do you diagnose Otitis Externa?
- otoscopic exam - clinical signs - cytology, ear smear
167
How do you treat Otitis Externa?
- always treat underlying condition first - topical meds instilled daily - surgical intervention may be required
168
What is an Impaction?
when the anal sacs overfill, water can be reabsorbed and material dries out
169
What are clinical signs of an Impaction?
- scooting rear end - painful defecation - tail chasing - perianal erythema - swelling
170
How do you diagnose Impactions?
palpation | clinical signs
171
How do you treat Impactions?
``` express contents flush sac instill antibiotic ointment oral antibiotics, anti inflammatories surgery ```
172
What is a Tumor?
new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation of cells
173
What is a Histiocytoma?
small, button like tumors that are usually pink, hairless and raised rapidly growing
174
How do you diagnose Hisitocytoma?
appearance | biopsy
175
What are the Benign Tumors of the skin?
histiocytoma lipoma papillomas sebaceous gland cysts
176
What are the Malignant Tumors of the skin?
feline vaccine induced fibrosarcoma mast cell tumors melanoma
177
How do you treat Histiocytoma?
surgery
178
What is Lipoma?
tumor of the subcutaneous adipocytes (fat cells) that are typically freely moveable and well circumscribed
179
How do you diagnose Lipoma?
biopsy | fine needle aspirate
180
How do you treat Lipoma?
surgical excision
181
What are Papillomas?
wart like growths that develop as smooth, white/pink/pigmented, elevated lesions in the oral cavity (oral paillomatosis) or on the skin (cutaneous papillomas)
182
How do you diagnose Papillomas?
appearance | biopsy
183
How do you treat Papillomas?
spontaneous regression | autogenous vaccine
184
What are Sebaceous Gland Cysts?
slow growing, encapsulated, round and exude a gray, cheeselike material. caused by degenerative changes in the glandular area surrounding the follicle
185
What breed are Sebaceous Gland Cysts common in?
cocker spaniels
186
How do you diagnose Sebaceous Gland Cysts?
contents of the cyst | histology
187
How do you treat Sebacous Gland Cysts?
surgical removal
188
What are Feline Vaccine Induced Fibrosarcomas?
rapidly, developing highly invasive, malignant tumors that occur at the site of vaccination 4-6 weeks later
189
What vaccines are most common with FVIF?
those with adjuvants
190
How do you diagnose FVIF?
- biopsy of fine needle aspirate | - physcial exam findings: swelling in area of recent vaccinations, rapidly growing firm elongated mass
191
How do you treat FVIF?
radical surgical excision which may involve limb amputation
192
What are Mast Cell Tumors?
firm nodules on the skin that may be ulcerated or edematous | contain histamine and heparin
193
How do you treat Mast Cell Tumors?
chemotherapy radiation therapy benadryl H2 blockers to treat gastric ulcers and irritation
194
What is Melanoma (Benign)?
small, slow growing, hairless, pigmented
195
What is Melanoma (Malignant)?
large, dome shaped sessile +/- pigmentation
196
How do you treat Malignant Skin Tumors?
surgical removal | possible treatment with the vaccine
197
What are the Immune Mediated Conditions?
``` pemphigus foliaceus pemphigus erythematosus pemphigus vulgaris bullos pemphigoid lupus erythematosus alopecia areata pseudopelade ```

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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