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Canine And Feline Clinical Management > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Virology?

A

the study of viruses and virus-like agents

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2
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • from the latin virus meaning toxin or poison
  • microscopic infectious agent that is an obligate intracellular pathogens
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3
Q

What can Viruses infect?

A

all types of organisms from animals and plants to bacteria

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4
Q

How do you classify Viruses?

A
  • host range
  • enveloped or non enveloped
  • type of nucleic acid in the virion
  • shape
  • dimensions of the virion and capsid
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5
Q

What does each virus contain?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • capsid
  • protein
  • enzymes
  • sometimes has a capsid
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6
Q

How are Viruses seen?

A
  • under electron microscope
  • negative staining with heavy metal
  • thin sectioning with positive staining
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7
Q

What is a Capsomere?

A

capsid composed of protein subunits

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8
Q

What are the functions of the Capsomere?

A
  • protective
  • recognitive / attachment to host cell
  • introduction of nucleic acid into host cell
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9
Q

What are Envelopes?

A
  • Composed of lipids from host cell membrane
  • proteins
  • glycoproteins
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10
Q

What are the functions of Envelopes?

A
  • camoflage
  • recognition/attachment to host cell
  • helps introduce nucleic acids into host cell
  • protects nucleic acids
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11
Q

What is an example of a Helical Shape?

A

rabies

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12
Q

What is an example of a Complex Shape?

A

bacteriophage

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13
Q

What ways can viruses be transmitted?

A
  • aerosols
  • break in skin
  • fluids (blood, saliva, sexual contact)
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14
Q

How do viruses attach/penetrate?

A
  • bind to specific surface receptors
  • fuse with or engulfed by the plasma membrane
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15
Q

How do viruses get released?

A
  • lyse cells
  • bud through plasma membrane
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16
Q

What is the life cycle of the Viruse?

A
  • Entry into host cell
  • Uncoating
  • Replication of nucleic acids and production of proteins
  • Maturation/assembly
  • Release of Virus
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17
Q

What ways can a virus enter the host cell?

A
  • endocytosis (engulfment)
  • fusion of cell membrane with viral envelope via spikes
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18
Q

What is Uncoating?

A

nucleic acid is released from nucleocapsid

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19
Q

What happens during the Multiplication Cycle?

A
  • DNA enters nucleus
  • DNA is transcribed
  • RNA is exported to cytoplasm and translated
  • DNA is replicated in nucleus
  • Viral DNA inserted into host genome
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20
Q

What happens during Maturation/Assembly?

A

new nucleocapsids self assemble

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21
Q

How is a virus released?

A

exocytosis

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22
Q

What is an Acute Infection?

A
  • has short duration
  • often not fatal
  • dissappears when disease process ends
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23
Q

What is a Latent Infection?

A
  • remain in equilibrium with the host
  • don’t produce disease for a long period
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24
Q

What are Persistent/Chronic Infections?

A
  • often fatal
  • occurs gradually over a long period of time
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25
What are the methods of diagnsosis for Viral Diseases?
- Serology - Cytology
26
What is a 4 fold?
-greater rise in titer between 2 serum specimens provide a positive diagnosi
27
What is a Paired Sera?
- first taken as early as possible in the iillness - second 10-14 days after the onset of symproms -
28
What are Inclusion Bodies?
-nuclear or cytomplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins
29
What are Negir Bodies?
type of cytoplasmic inclusion, body
30
When was Bacteria first observed?
- 1676 - by Leeuwenhock - with single lens microscope
31
What is Bacteria?
- single celled microorganisms with a variet of shapes - aka prokaryotes - genetic material contained in a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm of cell nucleoid
32
What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes?
- fewer organelles - smaller than eukakryote - cell wall - +/- capsule - cell/plasma membrane - nucleoid - cytoplasm - ribosomes - +/- pil - endospores
33
What are characteristics of Eukaryotes?
- cell/plasma membrane - nucleus - nucleolus - cytoplasm - mitochondria - golgi apparatus - endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes - vacuoles - lysosomes
34
What is the most common disease caused by Bacteria?
respiratory disease
35
What are the shapes Bacteria can be?
- Spherical (cocci/coccus) - Rod (bacilli/bacillus) - Single cells, pairs, chains, clusters - Elongated to form filaments
36
What is the Cell Membrane?
- barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other components of cytoplasm inside cell - no membrane bound organelles - no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, or E.R
37
What is Genetic Material?
- single circular chromosome - in nucleoid of cytoplasm
38
How do you treat Bacterial Infections?
antibiotics
39
What are Industrial Processes of Bacteria?
- waste treatment - cheese and yogurt production - manufacture antibiotics and other chemicals
40
What is the Cell Wall?
- surrounds cell membrane - essential to survival
41
What is Gram Staining?
- divides bacterial kingdom into 2 main categories - created by Hans Christian Gram - stain illustrates composition of cell wall
42
What color is Gram +?
purple
43
What color is Gram -?
pink
44
What are the steps in Gram Staining?
- crystal violet - Gram's iodine - ethanol or acetone - safranin
45
What is Crystal Violet?
stains both + and - bacteria
46
What is Gram's Iodine?
fixes stain in Gram + bacteria
47
What is Ethanol or Acetone?
washes the stain from Gram - bacteria
48
What is Sanfranin?
- counterstain - re stains Gram - bacteria - doesn't interfere with previous stain in Gram + bacteria
49
What are Gram + Cocci?
- Staphyl Coccus - Streptococci
50
What are Gram + Rods?
- Coymbacterium - Listeria - Erysiplothrix - Archanobacterium - Rhodococcus
51
What are Gram + Endospores?
- Clostridium - Botulism
52
What are Gram + Anaerobes?
Actinomyces bovis
53
What are Gram + Acid Fast?
tuberculosis
54
What are Gram - Enteric Rods?
- Klebsiella - Proteus (UTI) - E. Coli (UTI) - Slamonella - Shigella
55
What is the Glycocalyx?
- network of polysaccharides - surrounds cell wall - varies in complexity - protects from engulfment by macrophages - act as antigens - cell recognition - allows attachment to inert surfaces (teeth, rocks, etc)
56
What are Endospores?
- highly resistant, dorminant structures - consist of: central core of cytoplasm (contains DNA)and ribosomes surrounded by cortex layer -protected by impermeable and rigid coat
57
What extreme physical and chemical stresses can Endospores survive?
- UV light - gamma radiation - detergents/disenfectants - heat - pressure - drying
58
What are Pathogens?
- bacteria or other agent that forms a parasitic association with other organisms - major cause of death in humans and animals
59
What are examples of Pathogens?
- tetanus - food borne illness - leprosy - tuberculosis - E. Coli
60
What is an Obligate Pathogen?
- always cause disease - ex: Rickettsia, Chlamydia
61
What are Opportunistic Pathogens?
-primarily associated with immune suppressed hosts
62
How do you treat Pathogens?
- antibiotics - Bacteriocidal (kills) - Bacteriostatic (inhibits growth)
63
What are Examples of using Antiseptic measures against Pathogens?
- sterilizing skin prior to needle puncture - proper care of indwelling cathethers - sterilization of surgical and dental instruments
64
What would you use Antiseptics on?
living tissue
65
What would you use Disenfectants on?
non living things
66
How do Bacteria reproduce?
- asexually - by binary fission - double every 9.8 minutes
67
How is Bacteria cultured?
- with solid or liquid media - Solid: agar plates (sheeps blood) - Liquid: measurement of growth, large volumes needed - Selective Media: used to ID specific organisms
68
What are characteristics of Modified Live Vaccines (MLV)?
- strong, long lasting - immune response achieved with fewer doses - adjuvants arent necessary - quicker immune responses - less chance of allergic reaction - effective only 1 hour after mixing
69
What are characteristics of Killed Vaccines?
- more stable in storage - unlikely to contain pathogens - unlikely to cause disease - produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity
70
What are Adjuvants?
- chemicals, microbial components or mammalian proteins - ehances the immune response to vaccine antigens - Aluminum gels/salts
71
What are Core Vaccines for Canines?
- Canine Parvovirus type 2 - Canine Distemper Virus - Canine Adenovirus type 2 (DAPP/DHPP) - Rabies
72
General Guidelines: Canine Vaccines
**Begin:** 6-9 weeks of age **Frequency:** q 2-4 weeks **End:** atleast 1 dose given at 14-16 wks or older **Revaccination:** at 1yo or 1y after last puppy vaccination
73
What age is Rabies Vaccine given in canines?
12wks
74
What is the Duration of Immunity?
- atleast 5 to 7 years - TODAY: 3yr revaccination program
75
General Guidelines: Feline Vaccinations
**Begin:** 8-10wks **Frequency:** q 2-4 wks **End:** last dose at 14-16wks
76
What are the Feline Core Vaccines?
- Feline Parvovirus - Feline Calicivirus - Feline herpes virus - Rabies - FVRCP
77
What is Immunology?
ability of the body to fight infections and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies or killing infected cells
78
What are the 2 categories of Immunology?
- Nonspecific - Specific
79
What is the Immune System?
system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non harmful organisms and producing a appropriate response
80
What are Foreign Invaders?
- aka pathogens - viruses, bacteria or other living things that cause disease/immue response - aka Antigens - soluble sugstances: toxins and foreign proteins
81
What are the parts of the Immune System?
- blood - bone marrow - thymus gland - normal functioning:nutrition, stress sanitation and age
82
What is Non Specific Immunity?
-includes species resistance, mechanincal/chemical barriers, and inflammation
83
What is the First Line of Defense?
- skin - provides physical and chemical barriers - physical:hard to penetrate. made of indigestible keratin, hairs - chemical:tears, sweat, mucous, saliva, enzymes, sebum
84
What is the Second Line of Defense?
- inflammatory response - signs of inflammation: redness, heat, pain, swelling

Canine And Feline Clinical Management (10 decks)

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