Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Estrous Cycle?
A
the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next
2
Q
When is the Onset of Puberty?
A
6-24 months
3
Q
What is the average Breeding Age?
A
9-10 months
4
Q
What are the Follicular Phases?
A
- proestrus
- estrus
5
Q
What are the Luteal Phases?
A
- diestrus
- anestrus
6
Q
What are the stages of the Estrous Cycle?
A
- proestrus
- estrus
- metestrus
- diestrus
- anestrus
7
Q
What is Proestrus?
A
the period when the bitch is sexually attractive, but rejects the males advances
8
Q
What are the physical signs of Proestrus?
A
- serosanguinous vaginal discharge
- vulvar swelling
- vaginal edema
9
Q
What are the internal physical signs of Proestrus?
A
- lengthening and hyperemia of uterine horns
- enlargement of cervix
- thickening of vaginal wall
10
Q
What are the hormonal signs of Proestrus?
A
- increasing serum concentrations of estradiol (estrogen)
- as proestrus progresses, estrogen levels begin to peak and initiate the onset of estrus
11
Q
What are the cytologic signs of Proestrus?
A
- parabasal cells (predominant)
- intermediate cells (predominant)
- WBC
- RBC
12
Q
What is the duration of Proestrus?
A
3-17 days (avg: 9 days)
13
Q
What is Estrus?
A
period of acceptance of the male
14
Q
What are the physical signs of Estrus?
A
- swollen vulva is less turgid
- vulvar discharge is usually less bloody
- bitch allows mating (standing heat, flagging)
15
Q
What are the 2 stages in Canine Mating?
A
- 1st: coitus (1-2 min), the turn (2-5 sec)
- 2nd stage: coitus (5-45 min)
16
Q
What muscle allows the “turning”?
A
ischiocavernous muscle
17
Q
What are the hormonal signs of Estrus?
A
- estrogen peaks in late proestrus and early estrus
- estrogen peak initiates a surge of LH
- progesterone levels begin to increase toward the end of estrus
18
Q
What hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy?
A
progesterone
19
Q
What are the cytologic signs of Estrus?
A
- anuclear squamous cells
- RBCs
20
Q
What is the duration of Estrus?
A
3-21 days (avg: 9 days)
21
Q
What is Metestrus?
A
period after ovulation when corpus luteum develops
22
Q
What are the internal signs of Metestrus?
A
- lining of uterus is thick and juicy in preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum
- loss of cornified epithelial lining that developed
23
Q
What is Diestrus?
A
- period where corpus luteum has reached max size and effectiveness
- begins with bitch’s refusal to mate
24
Q
What are the physical signs of Diestrus?
A
none except the cessation of signs of estrus
25
What are the hormonal signs of Diestrus?
- progesterone levels increase and peak
- rapid pre-partum drop in progesterone 24hrs before birthing (pregnant bitches)
- gradual decline (non pregnant bitches)
26
What are the cytologic signs of Diestrus?
- sudden decrease in number of superficial cells
- reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells
- RBCs and WBCs disappear completely
27
What is the duration of Diestrus?
- 2 months
- longer if pregnant
- at 2 months CL is lysed by prostaglandin
28
What is Pseudopregnancy?
- prolonged diestrus
- animal is showing signs of pregnancy but isn't
- signs fade with time
29
What is Anestrus?
- follow diestrus and ends with the onset of proestrus
- first time plasma progesterone reaches below a 3
30
What are the cytologic signs of Anestrus?
- acellular
- parabasal cells and intermediate cells are present
31
What is the duration of Anestrus?
4.5 months
32
When is the onset of puberty (Queen)?
6-9 months
33
What type of cycle do cats have?
- polyestrous
- controlled by photoperiod and body weight (12-14 hrs of light, 2.5kgs)
34
What is Proestrus (Queen)?
period of follicular development, but refusal to mate
35
What are the physical signs of Proestrus (Queen)?
- increased affection
- no vulvar swelling or discharge in cats
36
What are the hormonal signs of Proestrus (Queen)?
increasing estrogen concentration
37
What are the cytologic signs of Proestrus (Queen)?
epithelial cells become cornified
38
What is the duration of Proestrus (Queen)?
1-2 days
39
What is Estrus (Queen)?
period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation
40
What are the physical signs of Estrus (Queen)?
- queen allows copulation
- extreme affection
- lordosis (booty in the air)
41
What are the hormonal signs of Estrus (Queen)?
peak serum concentrations of estrogen
42
What are the cytologic signs of Estrus (Queen)?
max vaginal epithelium cornifications
43
What is the duration of Estrus (Queen)?
7-9 days
44
What are ways to diagnose pregnancy?
- palpation (21-30 days)
- hormone assay
- ultrasonography (18-20 days past LH peak)
- radiography ( day 45)
45
What hormone are pregnancy tests looking for?
relaxin
46
When is the optimum time to use an ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy?
33-45 days
47
What is Gestation?
the period of pregnancy
48
How long is gestation in dogs?
59-68 days
49
How long is gestation in cats?
56-69 days
50
What are the 3 stages of labor?
- uterine contractions
- delivery of newborn
- delivery of placenta
51
What are signs of impending partuition?
- nesting behavior (12-24hrs before)
- inappetance
- panting, shivering
- drop in rectal temp (24-48hrs before, \<98\*)
52
What is Labor (Stage 1)?
intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining
53
What are signs of Labor (Stage 1)?
- restlessness, panting, nesting may continue
- cervix dilates
54
How long does Labor (Stage 1) last?
4 hrs (can last up to 36 hours)
55
When should the bitch be placed in the whelping box?
atleast 1 week prior to partuition
56
What is Labor (Stage 2)?
delivery of the newborn
57
What are signs of Labor (Stage 2)?
- rectal temp begins to rise or return to normal
- passing of fetal fluids
- expulsive uterine contractions accompanied with abdominal contractions
58
What happens during Labor (Stage 2)?
- 1st fetus dellivered within 4 hours
- bitch will break amniotic membrane, lick neonate and sever umbilical cord
59
How long does Labor (Stage 2) last?
3-6 hours but may be as long as 24 hours total
60
How much time should be spent birthing each puppy?
20 minutes to 1 hour (no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born)
61
What are warning signs for Labor (Stage 2)?
- greenish discharge, but no pup born within 2-4 hrs
- fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hours previously, but nothing more has happened
- bitch is having weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4hrs
- bitch has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30 min, but no pup born
- more than 2-4 hrs have passed since last puppy born
- has been in stage 2 labor for more than 12 hrs
62
How long is the interval between each birth?
5-20 minutes
63
What is Labor (Stage 3)?
expulsion of the placenta
64
How long after the fetus should the placenta follow?
15 minutes
65
What is Lochia?
- greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains
- seen for up to 3 weeks or more
66
When should Dystocia be suspected?
- labor doesn't begin when expected
- stage 2 labor lasts 1 hour without delivery
- 1-2 hours have passed between delivery
- dam or neonates show sign of distress (stillborn)
- greenish-black discharge without immediate delivery
- significant hemorrhagic vaginal discharge
67
What is Dystocia?
difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance
68
What are the causes of Dystocia?
- maternal (weak uterine contractions
- fetal (oversize, death, abnormal position)
69
How often does Dystocia occur in dogs?
5%
70
How often does Dystocia occur in cats?
3-5.8%
71
How do you diagnose Dystocia?
- digital palpation of vagina
- radiographs
- ultrasound
72
How do you treat Dystocia?
- manual manipulation (manually dislodged)
- uterine inertia (oxytocin injections, calcium preparations
- c section
73
What is appropriate maternal behavior?
- allow nursing
- grooming (stimulate CV, RS function; stimulates elimination and removal of waste)
- retrieving
- protecting
74
What is inappropriate maternal behavior?
- attack, kill or canabalize young
- overly protective, restless, agressiveness
75
What is Agalactia?
- lack of milk production
- causes: stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, infection
76
What is Galactostasis?
milk stasis, which can result in mastitis
hormone related
77
What is Mastitis?
septic inflammation of the mammary gland
78
What are clinical signs of Mastitis?
- pain
- discolored milk
- fever
- reluctance to allow nursing
- abscessed glands
79
How do you treat Mastitis?
- antibiotics
- warm compress
- don't allow nursing from affected glands
80
What is Pyometra?
pus in the uterus
81
What causes Pyometra?
- high levels of progesterone cause changes in uterus
- better site for microbes
- hyperplasia and hypertrophy of endometrial glands of uterus
- decreased myometrial contractions
82
What are clinical signs of Pyometra?
- vulvar discharge
- vomiting
- dehydration
- PU/PD
- azotemia
83
How do you diagnose Pyometra?
- radiology
- ultrasound
- bloodwork (leukocytosis, neutrophilia with left shift)(closed pyometra)
84
What is Vaginitis?
an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious
85
What are the 2 types of Vaginitis?
- prepuberal bitch (puppy vaginitis)
- adult vaginitis
86
What are the causes of Puppy Vaginitis?
- inverted vulva
- hormonal influctuations
87
What are the clinical signs of Puppy Vaginitis?
- purulent vulvar discharge
- +/- licking the vulva
88
How do you treat Puppy Vaginitis?
- systemic antibiotics
- topical douching
89
What are the causes of Adult Vaginitis?
- anatomical abnormalities
- canine herpesvirus
90
What are clinical signs of Adult Vaginitis?
- purulent vulvar discharge
- +/- licking the vulva
- peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
- perceived urinary incontinence
91
How do you treat Hyperplasia/Prolapse?
- ovariohysterectomy
- will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur
92
What is the signalment for Mammary Tumors?
- older intact females
- 50% of all tumors in female dogs
- 3rd most common in cats
93
What % of Mammary Tumors are benign in dogs?
50%
94
What % of Mammary Tumors are benign in cats?
10-20%
95
How do you diagnose Mammary Tumors?
biopsy and send for histopathology
96
What is the Prostate?
male sex gland in cats and dogs
97
Where is the Prostate located?
caudal to the bladder encircling the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder
98
What is the purpose of the Prostate?
produce a fluid as transport and support medium for sperm during ejaculation
99
What is the cause of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
altered androgen/estrogen ratio
100
What are clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
- mild or no clinical signs
- tenesmus
- enlarged prostate gland but not painful
101
How do you treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
castration results in 70% decrease in size within 14 days
102
What are clinical signs of Prostatitis?
- lethargy
- anorexia
103
How do you diagnose Prostatitis?
urinalysis (hematuria, increased WBCs, presence of bacteria)
104
How do you treat Prostatitis?
- antibiotics
- castration
105
What is the signalment for Prostatic Neoplasia?
older castrated male dogs
106
How do you treat Prostatic Neoplasia?
- cox inhibitors (piroxicam, carprofen)
- total prostectomy
- radiation (not pursued due to risk)
107
What is the prognosis of Prostatic Neoplasia?
fatal disease (die within a few months)
108
How is Transmissible Veneral Tumor (TVT) spread?
sexual contact
109
What are clinical signs of TVT?
tumors found on penis, prepuce and scrotum
110
How do you treat TVT?
- chemotherapy
- surgical removal of small localized mass
111
What is Cryptorchidism?
one or both testicles have been retained in the abdomen or inguinal canal
112
How do you treat Cryptorchidism?
castration
113
What is the signalment for Cryptorchidism?
small dogs, boxers
114
What is GnRH?
gonadotropin releazine hormone
115
GnRH (site of production)
hypothalamus
116
GnRH (target tissue)
anterior pituitary
117
GnRH (action)
allows release of FSH and LH
118
FSH (site of production)
pituitary
119
FSH (target tissue)
ovary (follicle)
120
FSH (action)
stimulates follicle development and estrogen production
121
LH (site of production)
pituitary
122
LH (target tissue)
ovary (follicle)
123
LH (action)
induces ovulation, corpus luteum development and progesterone production
124
Estrogen (site of production)
ovary (follicle)
125
Estrogen (target tissue)
- brain
- anterior pituitary
- oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
126
Estrogen (action: brain)
induces changes in hehavior associated with heat
127
Estrogen (action: anterior pituitary)
enhances the release of FSH and LH during estrus
128
Estrogen (action: oviduct, uterus, etc)
increases muscular activity and production of a fluid of low viscosity to facilitate the migration of the sperm and the egg towards each other
129
Progesterone (site of production)
ovary (corpus luteum)
130
Progesterone (target tissue)
- anterior pituitary
- uterus
131
Progesterone (action:anterior pituitary)
prevents complete maturation and ovulation of follicles
132
Progesterone (action: uterus)
decreases muscular activity and prepares the uterus to be a suitable environment for the embryo
133
Prostaglandins (site of production)
uterus
134
Prostaglandins (target tissue)
ovary (corpus luteum)
135
Prostaglandins (action)
induces the regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in progesterone
136
