Dermatology

Question 1

What is the largest organ?

Answer 1

Skin

Question 2

What is the function of skin?

Answer 2

Barrier against infection

prevent water loss

Question 3

What are the layers of the skin?

Answer 3

Epidermis - keratinocytes (squamous epithelial cells)

Dermis - connective tissue, vessels

Subcutaneous fat - aka hypodermis or subcutis

Question 4

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 4

“Come Lets Get Sun Burnt”

Question 6

what is contained in the stratum basale?

Answer 6

basal cells = stem cells that can regenerate the skin

stratum basale is the layer of the epidermis that sit on top of the dermis

Question 7

what is contained in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 7

desmosomes (connect keratinocytes) form spines

Question 8

what is contained in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 8

keratohyalin granules - form keratin filaments

Question 9

what is the stratum lucidum?

Answer 9

clear layer of dead skin cells

Question 10

what is in the stratum corneum?

Answer 10

anucleated cells filled with keratin filaments

*nucleated cells are abnormal

Question 11

what is contained in the dermis?

Answer 11

connective tissues and blood vessels

this is why things that cause leaky vessels affect the dermis not the epidermis

Question 12

what is hyperkeratosis?

Answer 12

Thickening of stratum corneum

excess quantity of keratin

(ex: psoriasis, callus)

Question 13

What dermatopathology is seen here?

Answer 13

hyperkeratosis

Question 14

What dermatopathology is seen here?

Answer 14

parakeratosis

can see nucleated cells in the stratum corneum

Question 15

What is parakeratosis?

Answer 15

hyperkeratosis + retained nuclei in stratum corneum

indicates hyperproliferation

seen in skin diseases (psoriasis) and malignancies

Question 16

What is Hypergranulosis?

Answer 16

increased thickness of stratum granulosum

Question 17

hypergranulosis is a classic finding in what disorder?

Answer 17

lichen planus

Question 18

What is spongiosis?

Answer 18

Fluis accumulation (edema) of epidermis

seen in eczema, and other skin condtions

Question 19

What dermatopathology is seen here?

Answer 19

spongiosis

Question 20

what holds keratinocytes together?

Answer 20

desmosomes

Question 21

retained nuclei iin the stratum corneum indicates what?

Answer 21

hyperproliferation - cells are moving up from the basal layer to the stratum corneum before they have lost their nuclei

seen in psorisasis and some malignancies

Question 22

what is acantholysis?

Answer 22

loss of connection between keratinocytes - often loss of desmosomes

Question 23

what is the dermatopathology?

Answer 23

acantholysis

Question 24

what are the clinical histopathologicial feathures of acantholysis?

Answer 24

rounded keratinocytes

detached, floating freely epidermis

**key feature of pemphigus vulgaris

Question 25

acantholysis is classicly seen in what disorder?

Answer 25

pemphigus vulgaris

Question 26

What is the dermatopathology?

Answer 26

Acanthosis - diffuse epidermal hyperplasia elongated Rete Ridges spinous layer thickening

Question 27

what are rete ridges?

Answer 27

where the epidermis pokes down into the dermis they are elongated in acanthosis from spinous layer thickening

Question 28

what forms elongates rete ridges seen in acanthosis?

Answer 28

spinous layer thickening

Question 29

Acanthosis Nigricans

Answer 29

hyperpigmented (dark) plaques on skin intertriginous sites (folds) classically neck and axillae

Question 30

what disease is acanthosis nigricans associated with?

Answer 30

insulin resistance - seen in obesity and diabetes

Question 31

what malignancy is acanthosis nigricans associated with?

Answer 31

gastric adenocarcinoma