Pathology

Question 1

What are the 4 causes of cell injury?

Answer 1

1. Ability to adapt is not enough
2. Exposure to harmful substances
3. Malnourishment
4. Mutation within metabolism

Question 2

What are the 2 ways cells die?

Answer 2

Necrosis = inflammatory

Apoptosis = non-inflammatory

Question 3

Ways that a cell can undergo stress

Answer 3

Pathologic: ischemia

Physiologic: Pregnancy

Question 4

What is cellular adaptation?

Answer 4

Reversible change in response to stress

Question 5

What happens to the cell if the stressor exceeds it’s ability to adapt?

Answer 5

Cell injury - can be reversible until a given point

Question 6

What happens when the cell can not adapt to the stressor either reversible or irreversibly?

Answer 6

Cell death

Question 7

What are the 4 main types of cellular adaptations?

Answer 7

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia

Question 8

How do cells respond to stress?

Answer 8

Normal —> adaptation —> injury—> death

Question 9

Hypertrophy is an increase in _________.

Answer 9

Cell size

Question 10

Hyperplasia is an increase in _______.

Answer 10

Cell number

Question 11

Atrophy is a decrease in _________.

Answer 11

Cell size

Question 12

Metaplasia is a change in ___________.

Answer 12

Phenotype

Question 13

Muscle tissues can only undergo _____________.

Answer 13

Hypertrophy with more workload

Question 14

What is the main cause for hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Excess hormone stimulation

Question 15

Breast growth, liver regeneration and bone marrow are all examples of what pathologic mechanism?

Answer 15

Hyperplasia

Question 16

Growth due to estrogen

Answer 16

Endometrial hyperplasia

Question 17

Xs response to androgens

Answer 17

Prostatic hyperplasia

Question 18

2 kinds of HPV

Answer 18

Epidermal hyperplasia = skin warts

Mucosal hyperplasia = genital warts

Question 19

When is an organ in homeostasis?

Answer 19

When physiologic stress is placed on it

Question 20

When do growth adaptations happen?

Answer 20

When the physiologic stress on the organ either increases, decreases, or changes

Question 21

What 2 adaptations result in the organ to become larger?

Answer 21

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 22

What is the mechanism of hypertrophy?

Answer 22

Involves gene activation, protein synthesis and production of organelles

Question 23

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia?

Answer 23

Involves production of new cells from stem cells

Question 24

What type of tissue can undergo hypertrophy only?

Answer 24

Permanent tissues cannot make new cells

Question 25

What are the 3 types of permanent tissues?

Answer 25

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve

Question 26

What are the dangers of pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 26

It can progress to dysplasia and cancer - endometrial hyperplasia EXCEPTION: BPH

Question 27

What happens when there is a decrease in stress on an organ?

Answer 27

Atrophy

Question 28

What is the mechanism of atrophy?

Answer 28

Decrease in size and number

Question 29

What is the mechanism seen in atrophy to decrease cell #?

Answer 29

Apoptosis

Question 30

How does a decrease in cell size occur during atrophy?

Answer 30

1. Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton 2. Autophagy of cellular components

Question 31

What types of tissues cannot undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 31

Cardiac, skeletal, nerve

Question 32

What causes the proliferation and degradation of the endometrium?

Answer 32

Proliferation - estrogen Degradation - progesterone

Question 33

How does the cell type change?

Answer 33

Metaplasia of surface epithelium

Question 34

What is the mechanism of Barrett esophagus?

Answer 34

Esophagus is lined by squamous epithelium and stomach is lined by columnar epithelium. Acid refluxes from stomach into lower esophagus causes a change in stress and epithelium from squamous epithelium to columnar non-ciliated mucinous epithelium

Question 35

What is the mechanism of metaplasia?

Answer 35

Reprogramming of stem cells

Question 36

Is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 36

Yes if the stressor is removed(I.e) treatment of GERD

Question 37

Metaplasia ______ progress to dysplasia and cancer

Answer 37

Can (I.e. Barrett esophagus)

Question 38

What type of metaplasia does NOT increase the risk for cancer?

Answer 38

Apocrine metaplasia

Question 39

A deficiency in what fat-sol. Vitamin can cause metaplasia?

Answer 39

Vitamin A

Question 40

Barrett esophagus increases the risk for what type of cancer?

Answer 40

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

Question 41

What type of metaplasia can be seen in fibrocystic change of the breast?

Answer 41

Apocrine metaplasia

Question 42

What is keratomalacia?

Answer 42

Vitamin A deficiency causing the conjunctiva of the eye to undergo metaplasia and cause a thickening

Question 43

Can mesenchymal tissues undergo metaplasia?

Answer 43

Yes (I.e.) myositis ossificans

Question 44

What happens in myositis ossificans?

Answer 44

Inflammation of skeletal muscle causes a metaplastic production of bone inside the skeletal muscle

Question 45

What is dysplasia?

Answer 45

Disordered cell growth; proliferation of precancerous cells

Question 46

How does dysplasia occur?

Answer 46

Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia

Question 47

What is the moa of endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 47

Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia

Question 48

Is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 48

Yes if the stressor is removed

Question 49

What happens if stress persists in dysplasia?

Answer 49

Progress to carcinoma which is irreversible

Question 50

What is Aplasia?

Answer 50

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis (I.e. unilateral renal agenesis)

Question 51

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 51

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis—\> small organ (I.e.) streak ovary in Turner syndrome

Question 52

Pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 52

Endometrial