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Intro to Pharmacology > Dermatopharmacology > Flashcards

Dermatopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The skin is the _____ organ of the body
➢ The skin has a protective function of the body from:
* ________ fluctuations
* ________
* ___________
* _______ chemicals
* Organisms such as ?
➢ The skin of domestic animals is similar in ________ and ________ morphology

A

largest, Temperature, Allergens, Pollutants, Toxic, bacteria, fungi parasites and viruses, gross, histological

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2
Q

Where is our skin the thickest?
* Over the _____
* Dorsum of the ?
* On the _____ and ____ surfaces of the feet

A

head, neck, back, and sacrum, plantar, palmar

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3
Q

Where is our skin thinner?
* On the ventral _______
* ______ surface of the limbs
* ____ pinnae

A

abdomen, Medial, Inner

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4
Q

Where is our skin the thinnest
* Over the _____

A

scrotum

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5
Q

Name the two primary cell types exist in the epidermis:

A

→ keratinocyte origin
→ nonkeratinocyte origin

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6
Q
A

Statrum corneum is the primary barrier to the pericutaneous obstruction?

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7
Q

Drugs that are able to pass through the stratum ______ are subjected to drug-metabolizing enzymes similar to those in the liver. Which processes will occur here?

A

corneum

  • Oxidation
  • Reduction
  • Hydrolysis
  • Conjugation
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8
Q

Describe how the skin functions as a barrier.

A

It prevents loss of water, electrolytes, and macromolecules. It excludes external agents (chemical, physical, and microbiologic agents.

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9
Q

The __________ ________ is primarily responsible for this physical barrier
→ Abundance of _______
→ Configuration and content of intercellular _______.

A

stratum corneum, keratin, lipids

Lipids: are the most important for percutaneous ?

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10
Q

Topically applied drugs can be absorbed by three routes:
1. The _________ ______ ( ________ rather than _______ the cells)
2. Hair ______
3. ________ or _______ glands (that open into the hair follicles)
Movement of drug through the stratum corneum occurs by ?

A

stratum corneum, between, through, follicles, Sweat, sebaceous, passive diffusion

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11
Q

The stratum corneum can be seen
as a wall in a “brick and mortar”
configuration (Elias, 1983).
Via the ___________ ________ ______ is
the primary route of penetration

A

intercellular lipid matrix

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

The permeability of __________ __________ through intact skin is greater than that of polar drugs

More drug is likely to pass through the skin of _______ haired animals (larger ________ of hair follicles)

A

lipophilic drugs , heavily, number

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14
Q

Before a drug can be successfully delivered to the epidermis under the stratum corneum, the drug must?

A
  • First move out of the vehicle and onto the surface of the stratum corneum
  • Be able to penetrate the stratum corneum
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15
Q

Drug movement and the skin.

A
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16
Q

A vehicle is a substance in which a medicinally _______ agent is ______ administered. Occasionally
the vehicle is _______, but usually it is ______.

A

active, topically, therapeutic, inactive

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17
Q

The physical and chemical properties of the vehicle will affect ________ of drug into the skin.

A

movement

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18
Q

Only the __________ moiety of a weak acid or base is available for diffusion ______ the stratum corneum

The typical pH of skin ranges from ?
- Vehicles with different pH may have __________-________ absorption for drugs with pKa values in the range.
- The optimal vehicle is one in which the drug is ______ enough to enter into solution. However, if a drug is too ______ in a vehicle relative to the stratum corneum, the drug may _____ in the vehicle and only _____ release drug into the skin

A

nonionized, across, 4.2 to 7.3, species-specific, soluble, soluble, persist, slowly

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19
Q

Other factors affecting percutaneous absorption?

A
  • Molecular weight of the chemical
  • Temperature (air)
  • Blood flow
  • Skin age
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20
Q

Keratolytics ______ and _____ the stratum corneum → promote the ___________ removal

A

hydrate, soften, mechanical

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21
Q

Keratoplastics normalize keratinization by ?

A

slowing basal cell proliferation

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22
Q

Salicylic acid is used as ________ and __________. It has some mild _________, _________, and _________ actions

A

keratolytic, keratoplastic, antibacterial, antifungal, antipruritic

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23
Q

Sulfur is _______ and ________. It has a mild follicular _______ action. Sulfur has ___________ and _________ effects

A

keratolytic, keratoplastic, flushing, antibacterial, antipruritic

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24
Q

Coal tar is ________ and ________ and has good degreasing action. It is also frequently used in combination with ______ and _________ _____. Coal tar products should not be used in _____ → frequent ______ reactions. Commercial _______ are frequently used.

A

keratolytic, keratoplastic, sulfur, salicylic acid, felines, irritant, shampoos

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25
Q

Benzoyl peroxide (2% to 5%) is a ?. It is
a strong ______ → free radical generator.
* Products for people contain ______ concentrations of benzoyl peroxide
* Benzoyl peroxide is indicated in the treatment of _______ and ________

A

keratolytic, bactericidal, degreasing, and follicular flushing, oxidizer, higher, keratosis, pyodermas

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26
Q
  • Resorcinol is a _______ agent. It has __________ and _______ properties. It promotes the hydration of ______. It can be combined with another __________ (e.g., sulfur, salicylic acid)
A

keratolytic, bactericidal, fungicidal, keratin, keratolytic

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27
Q
  • Selenium sulfide is a _________ and __________ compound. Cell ________ and ________ formation are slowed. _______ _________ irritation may result if accidental contact occurs
A

keratolytic, keratoplastic, proliferation, sebum, Mucous membrane

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28
Q

Antipruritics are used to provide __________ relief of itching. They relieve itching by four mechanisms:
1. The itching sensation can be ________
2. The skin can be _______
3. __________ ________ nerves can be anesthetized
4. ___________ agents used topically to treat pruritus

A

temporary, substituted, protected, Peripheral sensory, Biochemical

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29
Q

How can the itching sensation can be substituted?

A

It can be substituted with another sensation (heat or cold) → Menthol, camphor, warm soaks
or baths, ice packs

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30
Q

How can the skin can be protected?

A

It can be protected from external factors → scratching, biting, irritants, changes in humidity
or temperature (bandages or impermeable agents)

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31
Q

How can peripheral sensory nerves can be anesthetized?

A

Use of local anesthetics: benzocaine, lidocaine, pramoxine (Dermacool)→ they can
cause allergic sensitization

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32
Q

How can biochemical agents used topically to treat pruritus?

A

the use of glucocorticoids

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33
Q

Glucocorticoids
* ________ glucocorticoids may not be as potent as their oral or injectable counterparts.
* Glucorticoids ________ provider greater efficacy than creams
* Topical glucocorticoids can be absorbed through the ____ and cause _______ effects → more likely with the ________ fluorinated agents, such as?

A

Topical, ointments, skin, systemic, potent, Betamethasone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, and flucinolone

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34
Q

There are many forms of glucocorticoids available for topical use: including use on extensions of the skin → ? Give an example.

Highly potent preparations in any form should not be used on ________ skin

A

external ear canal and anal sacs

  • E.g. Triamcinolone (0.015% Genesis spray) has been formulated to be applied to the entire
    skin surface. It can also be used for spot treatment of pruritic regions

abraded

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35
Q

A number of products are used to _____ or ____ the skin to various degrees
* Agents that cause ________ → rubefacients
* Agents that cause ______ → irritants
* Agents that cause _________ ________ → vesicants

Caustics are _________ agents that destroy tissue after one or more applications. Examples?

A

inflame, irritate, hyperemia, inflammation, cutaneous blisters

corrosive

Camphor, coal tar, creosote, menthol, methyl salicylate, iodine, mercuric iodine, alcohols, and pine tar

Coal tar: What did she say?

36
Q

Coal tar is the most widely used in veterinary medicine
* It is a by-product of ?

A

bituminous coal distillation. Coal tar decreases epidermal synthesis of DNA

37
Q

Escharotics are _______ that precipitate proteins to form a _____, and eventually a _____. Examples include?

A

corrosives, crust, scar, Glacial acetic acid, aluminium chloride, gentian violet, phenol, salicylic acid, and silver nitrate

38
Q

Irritant products have been used empirically for many centuries. The proposed mode of action:
* To mask _______ to _______ pain by milder pain caused by the application
* To induce a healing action on ______ wounds
→ Menthol-containing products are sometimes used to treat?
→ Capsaicin has been used _______ on humans for relieving arthritis pain
In dogs, it also has been used to treat ?

A

moderate, severe, chronic, acral lick dermatitis in dogs, topically, acral lick dermatitis

39
Q

________, ________, _________ can be effective in the treatment of infectious skin diseases.
Many antibiotics are available in topical form as ointments, such as?

➢ Often these drugs are available in ________ with each other or with _____. ________ therapy of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats is not highly effective because of the ______ hair coat → unable to reach the site of _______ in adequate concentrations

A

Alcohol, iodine, chlorhexidine, Neomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin B, gramicidin, and nitrofurazone

combination, steroids, Topical, thick, infection

40
Q

Amphotericin B (Fungizone) is available in what forms?
What is it used to treat?

A

3% cream, lotion or oinment
used for Candida infections

41
Q

Chlorhexidine is a mild _______ and _______.
It is available in what forms?
Is it effective by itself?

A

antifungal, antibacterial
as a rinse or shampoo (1% to 4%).
By itself it is not very effective for the treatment of dermaphytosis

42
Q

What combinations can be used to treat Malassezia dermatitis?

A

New combinations combined with chlorhexidine and miconazole (Malaseb rinse) or ketoconazole
(Ketochlor) shampoo can be used for Malassezia dermatitis

43
Q

Clotrimazole 1% (Lotrimin, Veltrim) is effective against ?

A

dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia

44
Q

Miconazole is available in what forms? What is it used to treat?

A
  1. as a 2% cream or 1% lotion (Conofite and Resizole) and shampoo
    (Dermazole)
  2. It is effective against dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia
45
Q

Nystatin (oinment or cream) is effective against ? What is it not effective against?

A

some yeast and some dermatophytes but not Malassezia species

46
Q

Sulfur is effective against ?

A

dermatophytes and may be used for localized or generalized
dermatophytosis (LymDyp)

47
Q

Cats may become ill if they groom after treatment (_______) → Elizabethan collar until the product is
dry.

Lime sulfur dip is also _______ and ________ (_____ effective). Strong ______ (owner compliance may be weak)

A

sulfur, antiparasitic, antipruritic, cost, odor

48
Q

Thiabendazole is effective for _________ and some ______, including Malassezia. Tresaderm, a combination product with ________, and __________ is best used for local lesions.

A

dermatophytes, yeast, neomycin, dexamethasone

49
Q

The combined of __________ and _________ therapy should be used with caution

A

corticosteroid, antifungal

50
Q

Antiparasitics are available as?

A
  • Sprays
  • Powders
  • Shampoo
  • Foams
  • Spot-ons
  • Dip
51
Q

Sprays may have _______ effect depending on the _______ compound and _________.

A

residual, active, concentration

52
Q

Shampoos have a _____ residual effect and must stay on the skin at least ___ minutes (to kill ____ and ____)

A

little, 10, fleas, ticks

53
Q

Spot-on products are commonly used as _________-spectrum _________ agents. What makes them the preferred products?

A

broad, antiparasitic

Ease of use and efficacy make them a preferred product.

54
Q

Powders are _____ formulation but must be _______ applied

A

safest, frequently

55
Q

Active ingredients (?) in shampoo formulations are not intended
to be absorbed _______. Any factor that would increase the absorption may result in system _____
* ______ are especially susceptible to the toxicities of certain parasiticides → Only the products intended for use in cats should be used!
* Toxicity can follow ingestion (_______) or ________ absorption. Toxicity can manifest as ? → treatment is _______ but should include ________.

A

pyrethrin, pyrethroids, carbaryl, systematically, toxicity, Cats, grooming, percutaneous, salivation, tremors, and seizures, symptomatic, bathing

56
Q

Spot-on products act as _______ and some are effective against the _______ stages . They are applied to the _______ area from where they diffuse over the body → some products are
intended to be ______ absorbed

A

adulticides, juvenile, infrascapular, systemically

57
Q

Name the topical antiparasitic products

A

Imidacloprid (Advantage), fipronil (Frontline), selamectin (Revolution), metaflumazone
(ProMeris), and dinotefuran (Vectra 3D)

58
Q

______ ______ have limited efficacy → carbaryl, pyrethrin, or organophosphates. (????)

Collars occasionally cause _______ reactions. Ingestion of the collar is associated with _____ toxicity → __________ can be an effective antidote

A

Flea collars, irritation, acute, Yohimbine

59
Q

Collars containing _______ (_______) act to “sterilize” the fleas → they not kill adults fleas

A

methoprene, Ovitrol

60
Q

Collars containing _______ (______) are effective against ticks but not fleas

A

amitraz, Preventic

61
Q

Pyrethrins are extracts from ____________ flower. MOA → disrupt _______ function by
prolonging ____ in nerve membrane. They kill?.
They are available in many formulations → ______ properties

A

chrysanthemum, neurologic, Na+ , fleas, flies, lice, cheyletiella, otodectes, and mosquitoes, repellent

62
Q

Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of _________ (same _____). They have ________ knockdown than
pyrethrins. Some formulations combine them.

Permethrins are available as 0.05% to 25% (flea
sprays) but also up to 65% as spot flea and tick products

A

pyrethrins, MOA, slower

63
Q

Carbamates such as _______ are available in sprays, dips, collars, and sprays. Toxicity of carbamates reflects overstimulation of the _________ system → it should be treated with
?

A

carbaryl, parasympathetic, atropine and 2-pyridine aldoxime methylchloride

64
Q

Organophosphates are the most _____ _________ used in veterinary medicine. These agents should not be used around ______ (with one exception). It is important to avoid _______ exposure if animals are exposed to these agents (in lawn and garden preparations

A

toxic, insecticides, cats, cumulative

65
Q

Chlorpyrifos (Oph) (Dursban, Duratrol) used for flea _____ and ____. ________, used for enviromental flea and tick control. _______, used on both cats and dogs and often combined
with other insecticides. ___________ (?) useful for flea control and sometimes used for _____.

A

sprays, dips, Diazinon, Malathion, Phosmet (Paramite Dip),, scabies

66
Q

______________ are disappearing from the market because of concerns of safety of animals and human beings

A

Organophosphates

67
Q

___________ (?) is a synthetic molecule in the phenylpyrazole familiy. It acts at _________ receptors and inhibits GABA-regulated _______ flux into the nerve cell.

A

Fipronil (Frontline), gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), chloride

68
Q

Fipronil It is a ____ adulticide and has efficacy against _____. It may also be effective in preventing _____ mite infestation. Available as an on-animal _____ or as a ____-on product. Frontline Plus contains ______ and _______ for its ovicidal properties

A

flea, ticks, scabies, spray, spot, fipronil, methoprene

69
Q

___________ (?) and combined with ___________ (?) is a spot-on application
agent that kills adults fleas → It prevents _________ binding of _____, leading to ________ paralysis of the flea. It must be applied every ____ days to be effective

A

Imidacloprid (Advantage), permethrin (K9 Advantix), postsynaptic, ACh, respiratory, 30

70
Q

K9 Advantix provides efficacy against ___ and ______ → to be used only in ___.

A

ticks, mosquitoes, dogs

71
Q

_________ and ___________ (?) combination is available in a spot-on formulation for dogs and cats (7 and 9 weeks). It is used to treat ?

A

Imidacloprid and moxidectin (Advantage Multi), fleas, heartworm prevention, intestinal worms
and ear mites

72
Q

Selamectine (Revolution) is available as a ____-___ formulation. It is used for the treatment of ?

A

spot-on, fleas, heartworm prevention, tick (Dermacentor sp.) infestation, sarcoptes (scabies), and
octodectes (ear mites) for dogs (6 weeks)

73
Q

In____ (__ weeks), selamectine is approved for the treatment of ?

A

cats, 8,

fleas, heartworm prevention,
octodectes, roundworms, and hookworms

74
Q

Amitraz (Mitaban) is a monoamine oxidase _______. It is a licensed product for treatment of generalized ________. Off-label use against ___ and _____.

A

inhibitor, demodicosis, scabies, ticks

75
Q

Amitraz rapidily oxidizes on exposure to ____ and ___ → the ________ product is more toxic than the parent compound. It should be mixed fresh and the entire contents should be used

A

light, air, breakdown

76
Q

The large animal form of _____ (_____) should not be use in small animals

A

amitraz, Taktic

77
Q

ProMeris for dogs is a spot-on formulation containing _____ and _______. It has been approved to treat localized and generalized _________ in dogs (older than __ weeks). It is
effective for _____ and ____

A

amitraz, metaflumazone, demodicosis, 8, fleas, ticks

78
Q

ProMeris for cats (8 weeks or older) does not contain _____ and is for the treatment of __ only

A

amitraz, fleas

79
Q

The combination product containing __________, ________, and _________ (Vectra 3D, Summit VetPharm) has been approved for use on dogs (older than ___ weeks). It is a ____-__ product and is effective against _____ and _____ and repels and kills _____ (monthly application). The feline formulation does not contain ________ (__ weeks )

A

dinotefuran, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen, 7, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, permethrin, 8

80
Q

There are a small number of drug products that are designed to be applied to the skin and absorbed
transdermally → high plasma concentrations to produce systemic effects
* It is easier to administer drugs transdermally
* Drug delivery can be sustained
* Fewer factors complicating transdermal drug absoption

A

STOPPED HERE

81
Q

Not all drugs may be administered transdermally. The drug should not be irritating to the skin and
should be transdermally bioavailable

A
82
Q

Some products used in veterinary medicine (not intended for TDA) can result in systemic absorption in the _______ treating the animal
* ________
* All ________ drugs
* ___________ oinment
* All _________ (dips and shampoos)
They should be handled with ________ gloves

TDA = transdermal absorption

A

person

DMSO, anticancer, Nitroglycerin, antiparasitics, nonpermeable

83
Q

Nitroglycerin oinment → relaxes vascular _______ muscle (primarily on the ____ side). It is used on ____ and ____ to treat ________ _____. It is applied to ______ areas (i.e., axillary, inguinal, or inside the ears). Onset of action is approx. One ___

A

smooth, venus, dogs, cats, cardiogenic, edema, glabrous, hour

84
Q

Fentanyl, a _______ ______ available in transdermal patches has proved to be an effective and safe alternative for control of pain in ___ and _____

A

narcotic, analgesic, dogs, cats

85
Q

Selamectin and systemic insecticides

A
86
Q

____________, __________, and __________ transdermal patches are available for use in human patients to treat motion sickness, angina, and hypertension, respectively.

A

Scopolamine, nitroglycerin, clonidine

Intro to Pharmacology (31 decks)

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