Week 4 - Pharmacogenetics Flashcards
Pharmacogenetics is the branch of pharmacology that involves identifying _______ ______ leading to ____-______ differences in drug response.
genetics variations, inter-individual
Pharmacogenetics refers to _______ (_____ gene) variants that affect a patient‘s ______ to a particular drug
monogenetic, single, response
Pharmacogenomics refers to the entire spectrum of _____ that are involved in determining a patient‘s _______ to a particular drug.
genes, response
The goal of the drug therapy is to produce a specific _________ _____ in a patient without producing ______ effects.
pharmacologic effect, adverse
What are the main causes of variability to drug response?
- Age
- Health or disease status
- Species
- Gender
- Breed
- Drug interactions (other drugs administered simultaneously)
- The patient‘s genome! (mutations, deletions, polymorphisms)
_________ and _____ of drugs is different from one individual to another
Effectivity, safety
Why is pharmacogenetics important?
Individual variations to drug therapy can cause
• Lack of therapeutic ______
• Unexpected ______ effects (______)
efficacy, harmful, Toxicity
Pharmacogenetics can alter both drug _______ and the likelihood of _______.
efficacy, toxicity
____________ in drug receptors, drug _______ and in drug metabolizing ______.
Polymorphisms, transporters, enzymes
Pharmacogenetics combines the areas of pharmacokinetics, how genetic differences
alter ______, and pharmacodynamics, how _____ alter ______ and _____ molecules.
ADME, genes, receptors, signal
Individualization of drug therapy has two important clinical implications:
• It can help predict those patients at _____ risk for developing drug ______. In those cases, a ______
drug dose or an ________ drug should be use.
• It can help identify those patients that are most likely to ______ from a particular drug.
high, toxicity, lower, alternative, benefit
The human genome contains approximately ___ _______ nucleotide bases, representing roughly ________ ______.
3 billion, 30,000 genes
A gene is the DNA sequence containing a series of _____ (_____ _________ nucleotide bases form a specific codon) that specify a particular _____.
codons, three, consecutive, protein
A mutation alters the ________ of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. This in turn alters _________ _____, creating a different ____.
sequence, transcribed RNA, codon
A silent mutation results in a _____ change that creates a codon for the _____ amino acid. There is ____ ______ in protein ______ or _____.
base, same, no change, structure, function
A mutation results in a different _____ _____, or the creation of a ____ ____, the change in protein ______ and _______ can be deleterious.
amino acid, stop codon, structure, function
At each gene locus, an individual carriers ____ _____, one from each _____.
two alleles, parent
If an individual has two identical alleles, that individual is said to have a ?
homozygous genotype
If an individual has two different alleles, that individual is said to have a ?
heterozygous genotype
The phenotype of each individual with regard to a specific gene is the _______, _______ manifestation of a given genotype. That outward ______ manifestation might be something immediately _______, or it may not be apparent until a particular _____ is administered to that individual.
outward, physical, physical, obvious, drug
Polymorphisms are _________ in a given gene may be present ______ in a population, or in relatively ______ numbers in a population.
variations, rarely, large
Polymorphisms are defined as ______ _____ occurring at a frequency of % or _____ in the population (species of interest).
genetic variations, 1, greater
In humans, many of the genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes are _______, whereas some inherited human diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by ____ _______ occurring in _____ than __% of the population.
polymorphic, rare, mutations, less, 1
