two types: 1. presentation model - very detailed and accurate 2. study models - rough models used to aid understanding of 3d space

Design & Communication Techniques Flashcards by Damaris Brown

Graphic Scale

ratio of a measuring unit to the fill size item it represents
3 types:
-architect’s scale (inches) (1/4” = 1’ - 0”)
-metric scale (SI Metric Units) (1:50)
-engineers scale (feet and fractions) (1” = 40’)
2 main parts of a scale:
- 1’ segment showing fractions of an inch
- remained marked off in full foot increments

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CADD

Computer Aided Drafting and Design

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Commonly used scales

1/16” - large floor plans
1/8” - floor plans
1/4” - floor plans, int. elev, bldg sections
3/8” - complex int. elev or bldg sections
1/2” - enlarged floor plans
1” - simple details
1.5” - ceiling details, cabinet details
3” - door, cabinet, other complex details

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Plans

Floor plan - above view cut at 4’
Roof plan - only showing roof
Site plan - shows roof and ground
RCPs - mirror of ceiling

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Elevations

view of the side of an object

shows vertical dimensions of things on a wall or in a room

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Sections

view of an object if cut and one portion has been removed
shows cuts through solids and voids
solid portions are hatched to show material
heavy profile lines

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Axons

3 types:
isometric - 3 dimensional view
dimetric - 2 of the principle axes are shortened
trimetric - all three principle axes are shortened

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Oblique Drawings

3 dimensional view of an object where one plane is parallel to the picture plane

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Perspective Drawings

use convergence which is the apparent diminishing size of objects as they get further from the eye
Lines all go towards a vanishing point
one point perspective - pov is perpendicular to one of the planes of the object
two point perspective - when the point of view is at normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object
PP - Picture Plane
SP - Station Point
HL - Horizontal Line
VPL - Left Vanishing Point
VPR - Right Vanishing Point

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Models

two types:

presentation model - very detailed and accurate
study models - rough models used to aid understanding of 3d space

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Written Program

title page & introduction
summary
goals & objectives
summary of space needs
space adjacencies
code requirements
analysis of existing space
budget and schedule
programming concepts
appendices

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Presentation techniques

goals to elicit client comments on the conclusions and to get approval so design can proceed.
for larger groups a presentation board/electronic presentation may be used

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Communication for Materials and Furnishings

done with sample boards
photographs of furniture
actual samples with sketches, perspectives to aid

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Field Measuring

when existing drawings are not provided
sketch building floor plan/elevations/casework/plumbing/ceiling etc. roughly to scale
add measurements
accuracy of 1/4” is sufficient
use measurements taken to draft a floor plan
discrepancies of 8” or more indicate a mistake was made

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EDM & REDM (Measuring tools and techniques)

EDM - electronic distance measurer (very accurate)

REDM - reflectorless electronic distance measurer (accurate)

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Rectified Photography (Measuring tools and techniques)

large format film based camera views for facades that dimensions can be taken from

Orthophotography (Measuring tools and techniques)

Similar to Rectified photography but with digital images

Photogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)

surveying of objects or spaces by using photos and software

Stereophotogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)

uses two overlapping photos at different angles used to create a 3D drawing on a computer

Convergent photogrammetry (Measuring tools and techniques)

uses multiple oblique photos of an object taken @ diff angles. measurements and 3D models are derived using software

Laser Scanning (Measuring tools and techniques)

uses medium range pulsing laser beams which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3D coordinates of points on surfaces of object or space being scanned

Determining total required area

total amount of space required to accommodate clients needs should be calculated through code by multiplying the amount of space needed per person by # of people in the same area
If leasing, the rentable space must be determined

Net Area

does not include circulation or incidental space (closets, columns, walls)

Efficiency Factor

mathematical ratio of one area to another per building type
take into account the required circulation space needed per tenant, as well as non usable area
range from 0.60 to 0.80
- this means approx. 20% - 40% of net area is devoted to non usable areas

Occupant area

total portion of a building being actively used by a tenant

Estimated Required Occupant Area

calculated by dividing the net area by the efficiency factor.

Determining rentable area

Common building areas include shared corridors, restrooms, elevator lobbies, mechanical rooms, vending areas... rentable area is the product of the tenant's occupant area and a load factor to account for the shared portion of the building

BOMA

Building Owners and Managers Association - produces standards detailing common methods of measuring space for retail, industrial, multi residential, and mixed use buildings.

IFMA

International Facility Mangement Association also produces standards that give methods for measuring space

When office lease space only occupies a portion of a floor

if glass is >50% of wall area, occupant area is measured from inside glass surface to finish inside face of interior wall (to shared space) and to the centerline of the walls shared by other tenants if glass is <50% of wall area, space is measured to inside surface of exterior wall

When a tenant occupies an entire floor

occupant area includes all the space taken by the base building circulation, as well as the elevator lobby base building circulation is the minimum path on a multi-occupant floor necessary for access to and egress from occupant areas, elevators, stairs, restrooms, janitors closets, and similar areas

Sheet Sizes

Office will usually use two sizes depending on project size based on: 1. architectural system 2. ANSI system 3. International Organization for Standardization system (ISO)

Sheet Sizes (dimensions)

``` Arch A - 9 x 12 Arch B - 12 x 18 Arch C - 18 x 24 Arch D - 24 x 36 Arch E - 36 x 48 Arch F - 30 x 42 ``` ``` ANSI A - 8.5 x 11 ANSI B - 11 x 17 ANSI C - 17 x 22 ANSI D - 22 x 34 ANSI E - 34 x 44 ```

Title Blocks

``` designer/firm name and information consultants names and information project title and address owner name and address project number professional stamps/seals revision column sheet title and number drawn/checked/approved by key plan scale north arrow notes/legends ```

Reference Systems

drawing number combined with sheet number (6/A101)

UDS

Uniform Drawing System

CSI

Construction Specifications Institute

BIM

Building Information Modeling