Destroyer Bio 101-200 Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What cells make myelin?
A
Schwann cells
2
Q
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
A
Cytosol
3
Q
Three bones in middle ear?
A
Incus
Malleus
Stapes
4
Q
Where are semicircular canals located? Function?
A
Inner ear
For balance
5
Q
What structure converts sound waves to neural messages?
A
Cochlea
6
Q
Two hormones stored in posterior pituitary gland?
A
ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
7
Q
What part of adrenal gland makes aldosterone and cortisol?
A
Adrenal cortex
8
Q
What part of adrenal gland makes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A
Adrenal medulla
9
Q
What cells make glucagon?
A
Pancreatic alpha cells
10
Q
What cells make insulin?
A
Pancreatic beta cells
11
Q
Saprophytic?
A
Breakdown remains of living organisms that died
12
Q
Fungus filaments?
A
Hyphae
13
Q
Are fungus eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
A
Eukaryotic
14
Q
Multiple hyphae called?
A
Mycelium
15
Q
Coagulase produced by?
A
Staphylococcus bacteria
16
Q
Parasitism?
A
One organism benefits, the other is harmed
17
Q
Commensalism?
A
One organism benefits, the other is unharmed
18
Q
Arthropods Legs? Skeleton type? Circulatory system? Symmetry?
A
Jointed legs
Exoskeletons
Open circulatory systems
Bilateral symmetry
19
Q
Spiracles and tracheal tubes of insects?
A
Respiratory system
20
Q
Coelom?
A
Body cavity
21
Q
Annelids
Coelom?
Circulatory system?
Include earthworms?
A
True coelom
Closed circulatory system
Yes
22
Q
Morula?
A
Solid ball of cells
23
Q
Blastula?
A
Hollow ball of cells
24
Q
Eyes form from what tissue?
A
Ectoderm
25
Nervous system forms from what tissue?
Ectoderm
26
Teeth form from what tissue?
Ectoderm
27
Gonads and kidneys form from what tissue?
Mesoderm
28
Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder form from what tissue?
Endoderm
29
Chief cells of stomach secrete?
Pepsinogen
30
Parietal cells secrete?
HCl and intrinsic factor (b12 absorption)
31
G cells secrete?
Gastric
32
Gastrin stimulates?
HCl production in parietal cells
33
Starfish phylum?
Echinodermata
34
Nematocysts?
Tentacles containing stinging cells
35
Collagen helix type?
Triple helix
36
What hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone
37
What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
38
Every third position of collagen occupied by what amino acid?
Glycine
39
Complex junctions between cardiac myocytes?
Intercalated disks
40
Mononucleated muscle cells?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
41
Platyhelminthes
Segmented or non segmented?
Vertebrae or invertebrates?
How do they transport 02 and CO2?
Non segmented
Invertebrates
Gas transport by diffusion
42
Sperm proof fertilization membrane forms when?
Cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane
43
Xylem conducts?
Water and dissolved minerals
44
Growth rings caused by what plant tissue?
Xylem
45
Phloem conducts?
Sugars and other solutes
46
Plants require what element to grow?
Nitrogen
47
Nitrogen fixation chemical reaction?
N2 to NH3
48
Catecholamines include?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
49
Retroviruses use what enzyme?
Reverse transcriptase
50
Colorblindness genetic disorder type?
X-linked
51
Process when a number of different species emerge from single ancestor?
Adaptive radiation
52
Translocation?
Two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange genes
53
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
54
Enzyme for transcription?
RNA polymerase
55
A - T has how many hydrogen bonds?
2
56
C - G has how many hydrogen bonds?
3
57
What two nucleotides make DNA more stable and raise the melting point?
Guanine and Cytosine
58
What disorder in Down syndrome (general term) ?
Aneuploidy
59
Down syndrome caused by what process?
Non disjunction
60
How many chromosomes in Turner syndrome?
45
61
Klinefelter syndrome genotype?
XXY OR XXXY
62
What cells secrete testosterone?
Leydig cells
63
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
64
Spermatozoa mature where?
Epididymis
65
What do enzymes alter in chemical reactions?
Activation energy
66
How did Darwin explain biological variation?
Never did, did not understand molecular genetics or mutations
67
What does the corpus luteum break down into if no fertilization occurs?
Corpus Albicans
68
What stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen?
LH
69
pH of lysosomes?
Acidic
70
Golgi Apparatus function?
Package glycoproteins
71
What is oocyte development halted in until puberty?
Prophase I of meiosis
72
Transduction?
DNA transfer my virus
73
"Pacemaker" of heart?
SA node
74
Amphioxus and tunicates
| Vertebrae type?
Invertebrates with notochord
75
What indicates different evolutionary path for mitochondria?
Small changes in codon / amino acid assignments
76
Molecular chaperone function?
Prevent aggregation of newly formed proteins until they can fold properly
77
Initiator codon?
AUG
78
Sign of delta G for spontaneity?
Negative
79
Cholecystokinin made where? Function?
Made by cells of duodenum, stimulates bike release
80
Secretin function?
Stimulates production of pancreatic juices
81
What hormone slows down muscular movements of stomach and inhibits stomach gland secretion is response to fat?
Enterogastrone
82
How will increase in H+ affect breathing rate?
Increase
83
How will high O2 partial pressure affect breathing rate?
Decrease breathing rate
84
Function of 2,3 BPG?
Helps unload O2 from hemoglobin
85
What two veins carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
| Umbilical vein
86
How does blood bypass liver in fetus?
Ductus venous
87
What allows blood to move between atria in fetus?
Foramen ovale
88
Function of ductus arteriosus in fetus?
Conduct blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
89
Parts of autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
90
Function of cerebellum?
Involved with muscle coordination balance and equilibrium
91
What divides the brain hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
92
During what reactions is a high [H+] produced within thylakoids?
Light reactions
93
Where did the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur?
In the stroma of chloroplasts
94
During photosynthesis want to energy molecules are used in the fixation of Carbon?
ATP NADPH
95
What is the byproduct of light reactions in photosynthesis?
Oxygen gas
96
How many turns of the Calvin cycle I needed to produce a glucose molecule?
6 turns
97
PGAL made from? During what reactions?
CO2 and ribulose
| Dark reactions
98
What two plant hormones are involved in route growth and stem elongation?
Gibberellins and auxins
99
What promotes fruit ripening?
Ethylene
100
What inhibits plant growth?
Abscisic acid
101
What stimulates cell division in plants?
Cytokines
102
Ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
103
Tendons connect?
Bone to muscle
104
Class Gastropoda contains?
Slugs and snails
105
Class crustacean contains?
Crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, barnacles
106
Class arachnida contains?
Spiders, ticks, scorpion, mites
107
Class cephalopoda contains?
Octopus and squid
108
What is stored in liver?
Glycogen
109
Analogous structures illustrate?
Convergent evolution
110
Transpiration in plants?
H2O loss by evaporation from leaves
111
Diapause?
Resting condition in insects
112
Where does most of the reabsorption occur in kidney?
Proximal convoluted tubule
113
Where does secretion occur in kidneys?
Distal convoluted tubule
114
If you do not have enough ADH what will occur?
Increased urine output
115
External fertilization?
| Examples?
Eggs shed by female are fertilized by the male in the environment
Fish and amphibians
116
What transports urine from kidneys to bladder?
Ureters
117
RNA synthesized in what direction?
5' ➡️ 3'
118
PKU disease?
High amount of phenylalanine in blood
119
Lens of eye develops from what tissue?
Ectoderm
120
How does erythrocyte derive energy?
Glycolysis
121
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
In cytosol
122
Where does fertilization occur in females?
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
123
Breathing controlled by what part of brain?
Medulla
124
What contains rhodopsin?
Retina of eye
125
Head of sperm consists mostly of?
Nucleus
126
Fraternal twins develop from?
Two eggs fertilized independently
127
Trophoblast is precursor of what?
Placenta
128
Hemizygous?
Having a single copy of a gene instead of two
129
Where do T cells develop?
Thymus
130
Where do B cells develop?
Fetal liver and spleen
131
How many chambers in crocodile heart?
4
132
How many chambers in typical reptile heart?
3
133
What animal contain in Aves class?
Birds
134
What animals in chondrichthys class?
Sharks and skates
135
Random changes in the allele frequency from one generation to another in small populations can lead to elimination of a particular allele by chance. What is this called?
Genetic drift
136
Unlimited copies of DNA can be made by what technique?
PCR
137
Is TCA cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
Aerobic
138
Where does TCA cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
139
How many turns of TCA cycle to produce glucose?
2
140
TCA cycle produces how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP per turn?
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
141
Do prokaryotes have electron transport system?
No
142
What structure of the brain links endocrine and nervous system?
Hypothalamus
143
Glycolysis produces?
ATP
Pyruvate
NADH
H+
144
When does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Prophase I
145
Induction?
Process in an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate
146
Where does transcription occur?
In nucleus
147
What contains chlorophyll?
Thylakoids
148
Islets of Langerhans consists of what cells?
Alpha and beta cells of pancreas
149
Lactate formation produces what compound?
NAD+
150
Purines?
Adenine and Guanine
151
Which are bigger, purines or pyrimidines?
Purines
152
Apocrine sweat glands respond to?
Stress
153
Eccrine sweat glands control?
Body temperature
154
What ion found in hemoglobin?
Fe
155
What ion found in chlorophyll?
Mg
156
Bond type between nucleotides in DNA and RNA?
Phosphodiester
157
Polyspermy?
Entry of more than one sperm into the egg
158
Where is prolactin produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
159
Parenthogenesis?
Egg develops without fertilization
160
Prolactin stimulates?
Milk secretion in mammals
161
Many human diseases do to what 2 organisms?
Roundworms
| Flatworms
162
What causes ovulation?
LH surge
163
Amnion?
Fluid filled sac that protects embryo
164
Placenta made of?
Chorion and Endometrium
165
Chorion secretes?
Chorionic gonadotropin hormone
166
Function of chorionic gonadotropin hormone?
Maintain corpus luteum
167
After 3 months of fetal development produces estrogen and progesterone?
Placenta
