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DAT > Destroyer Bio 101-200 > Flashcards

Destroyer Bio 101-200 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make myelin?

A

Schwann cells

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2
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

Three bones in middle ear?

A

Incus
Malleus
Stapes

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4
Q

Where are semicircular canals located? Function?

A

Inner ear

For balance

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5
Q

What structure converts sound waves to neural messages?

A

Cochlea

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6
Q

Two hormones stored in posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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7
Q

What part of adrenal gland makes aldosterone and cortisol?

A

Adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What part of adrenal gland makes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

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9
Q

What cells make glucagon?

A

Pancreatic alpha cells

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10
Q

What cells make insulin?

A

Pancreatic beta cells

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11
Q

Saprophytic?

A

Breakdown remains of living organisms that died

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12
Q

Fungus filaments?

A

Hyphae

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13
Q

Are fungus eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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14
Q

Multiple hyphae called?

A

Mycelium

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15
Q

Coagulase produced by?

A

Staphylococcus bacteria

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16
Q

Parasitism?

A

One organism benefits, the other is harmed

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17
Q

Commensalism?

A

One organism benefits, the other is unharmed

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18
Q 
Arthropods
Legs?
Skeleton type?
Circulatory system?
Symmetry?
A

Jointed legs
Exoskeletons
Open circulatory systems
Bilateral symmetry

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19
Q

Spiracles and tracheal tubes of insects?

A

Respiratory system

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20
Q

Coelom?

A

Body cavity

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21
Q

Annelids
Coelom?
Circulatory system?
Include earthworms?

A

True coelom
Closed circulatory system
Yes

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22
Q

Morula?

A

Solid ball of cells

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23
Q

Blastula?

A

Hollow ball of cells

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24
Q

Eyes form from what tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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25
Q

Nervous system forms from what tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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26
Q

Teeth form from what tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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27
Q

Gonads and kidneys form from what tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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28
Q

Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder form from what tissue?

A

Endoderm

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29
Q

Chief cells of stomach secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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30
Q

Parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor (b12 absorption)

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31
Q

G cells secrete?

A

Gastric

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32
Q

Gastrin stimulates?

A

HCl production in parietal cells

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33
Q

Starfish phylum?

A

Echinodermata

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34
Q

Nematocysts?

A

Tentacles containing stinging cells

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35
Q

Collagen helix type?

A

Triple helix

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36
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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37
Q

What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

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38
Q

Every third position of collagen occupied by what amino acid?

A

Glycine

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39
Q

Complex junctions between cardiac myocytes?

A

Intercalated disks

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40
Q

Mononucleated muscle cells?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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41
Q

Platyhelminthes
Segmented or non segmented?
Vertebrae or invertebrates?
How do they transport 02 and CO2?

A

Non segmented
Invertebrates
Gas transport by diffusion

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42
Q

Sperm proof fertilization membrane forms when?

A

Cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane

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43
Q

Xylem conducts?

A

Water and dissolved minerals

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44
Q

Growth rings caused by what plant tissue?

A

Xylem

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45
Q

Phloem conducts?

A

Sugars and other solutes

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46
Q

Plants require what element to grow?

A

Nitrogen

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47
Q

Nitrogen fixation chemical reaction?

A

N2 to NH3

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48
Q

Catecholamines include?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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49
Q

Retroviruses use what enzyme?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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50
Q

Colorblindness genetic disorder type?

A

X-linked

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51
Q

Process when a number of different species emerge from single ancestor?

A

Adaptive radiation

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52
Q

Translocation?

A

Two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange genes

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53
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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54
Q

Enzyme for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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55
Q

A - T has how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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56
Q

C - G has how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

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57
Q

What two nucleotides make DNA more stable and raise the melting point?

A

Guanine and Cytosine

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58
Q

What disorder in Down syndrome (general term) ?

A

Aneuploidy

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59
Q

Down syndrome caused by what process?

A

Non disjunction

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60
Q

How many chromosomes in Turner syndrome?

A

45

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61
Q

Klinefelter syndrome genotype?

A

XXY OR XXXY

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62
Q

What cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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63
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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64
Q

Spermatozoa mature where?

A

Epididymis

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65
Q

What do enzymes alter in chemical reactions?

A

Activation energy

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66
Q

How did Darwin explain biological variation?

A

Never did, did not understand molecular genetics or mutations

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67
Q

What does the corpus luteum break down into if no fertilization occurs?

A

Corpus Albicans

68
Q

What stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen?

A

LH

69
Q

pH of lysosomes?

A

Acidic

70
Q

Golgi Apparatus function?

A

Package glycoproteins

71
Q

What is oocyte development halted in until puberty?

A

Prophase I of meiosis

72
Q

Transduction?

A

DNA transfer my virus

73
Q

“Pacemaker” of heart?

A

SA node

74
Q

Amphioxus and tunicates

Vertebrae type?

A

Invertebrates with notochord

75
Q

What indicates different evolutionary path for mitochondria?

A

Small changes in codon / amino acid assignments

76
Q

Molecular chaperone function?

A

Prevent aggregation of newly formed proteins until they can fold properly

77
Q

Initiator codon?

A

AUG

78
Q

Sign of delta G for spontaneity?

A

Negative

79
Q

Cholecystokinin made where? Function?

A

Made by cells of duodenum, stimulates bike release

80
Q

Secretin function?

A

Stimulates production of pancreatic juices

81
Q

What hormone slows down muscular movements of stomach and inhibits stomach gland secretion is response to fat?

A

Enterogastrone

82
Q

How will increase in H+ affect breathing rate?

A

Increase

83
Q

How will high O2 partial pressure affect breathing rate?

A

Decrease breathing rate

84
Q

Function of 2,3 BPG?

A

Helps unload O2 from hemoglobin

85
Q

What two veins carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

Umbilical vein

86
Q

How does blood bypass liver in fetus?

A

Ductus venous

87
Q

What allows blood to move between atria in fetus?

A

Foramen ovale

88
Q

Function of ductus arteriosus in fetus?

A

Conduct blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

89
Q

Parts of autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

90
Q

Function of cerebellum?

A

Involved with muscle coordination balance and equilibrium

91
Q

What divides the brain hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

92
Q

During what reactions is a high [H+] produced within thylakoids?

A

Light reactions

93
Q

Where did the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts

94
Q

During photosynthesis want to energy molecules are used in the fixation of Carbon?

A

ATP NADPH

95
Q

What is the byproduct of light reactions in photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen gas

96
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle I needed to produce a glucose molecule?

A

6 turns

97
Q

PGAL made from? During what reactions?

A

CO2 and ribulose

Dark reactions

98
Q

What two plant hormones are involved in route growth and stem elongation?

A

Gibberellins and auxins

99
Q

What promotes fruit ripening?

A

Ethylene

100
Q

What inhibits plant growth?

A

Abscisic acid

101
Q

What stimulates cell division in plants?

A

Cytokines

102
Q

Ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

103
Q

Tendons connect?

A

Bone to muscle

104
Q

Class Gastropoda contains?

A

Slugs and snails

105
Q

Class crustacean contains?

A

Crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, barnacles

106
Q

Class arachnida contains?

A

Spiders, ticks, scorpion, mites

107
Q

Class cephalopoda contains?

A

Octopus and squid

108
Q

What is stored in liver?

A

Glycogen

109
Q

Analogous structures illustrate?

A

Convergent evolution

110
Q

Transpiration in plants?

A

H2O loss by evaporation from leaves

111
Q

Diapause?

A

Resting condition in insects

112
Q

Where does most of the reabsorption occur in kidney?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

113
Q

Where does secretion occur in kidneys?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

114
Q

If you do not have enough ADH what will occur?

A

Increased urine output

115
Q

External fertilization?

Examples?

A

Eggs shed by female are fertilized by the male in the environment
Fish and amphibians

116
Q

What transports urine from kidneys to bladder?

A

Ureters

117
Q

RNA synthesized in what direction?

A

5’ ➡️ 3’

118
Q

PKU disease?

A

High amount of phenylalanine in blood

119
Q

Lens of eye develops from what tissue?

A

Ectoderm

120
Q

How does erythrocyte derive energy?

A

Glycolysis

121
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In cytosol

122
Q

Where does fertilization occur in females?

A

Fallopian tube (oviduct)

123
Q

Breathing controlled by what part of brain?

A

Medulla

124
Q

What contains rhodopsin?

A

Retina of eye

125
Q

Head of sperm consists mostly of?

A

Nucleus

126
Q

Fraternal twins develop from?

A

Two eggs fertilized independently

127
Q

Trophoblast is precursor of what?

A

Placenta

128
Q

Hemizygous?

A

Having a single copy of a gene instead of two

129
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Thymus

130
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Fetal liver and spleen

131
Q

How many chambers in crocodile heart?

A

4

132
Q

How many chambers in typical reptile heart?

A

3

133
Q

What animal contain in Aves class?

A

Birds

134
Q

What animals in chondrichthys class?

A

Sharks and skates

135
Q

Random changes in the allele frequency from one generation to another in small populations can lead to elimination of a particular allele by chance. What is this called?

A

Genetic drift

136
Q

Unlimited copies of DNA can be made by what technique?

A

PCR

137
Q

Is TCA cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Aerobic

138
Q

Where does TCA cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

139
Q

How many turns of TCA cycle to produce glucose?

A

2

140
Q

TCA cycle produces how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP per turn?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

141
Q

Do prokaryotes have electron transport system?

A

No

142
Q

What structure of the brain links endocrine and nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

143
Q

Glycolysis produces?

A

ATP
Pyruvate
NADH
H+

144
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase I

145
Q

Induction?

A

Process in an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate

146
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In nucleus

147
Q

What contains chlorophyll?

A

Thylakoids

148
Q

Islets of Langerhans consists of what cells?

A

Alpha and beta cells of pancreas

149
Q

Lactate formation produces what compound?

A

NAD+

150
Q

Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

151
Q

Which are bigger, purines or pyrimidines?

A

Purines

152
Q

Apocrine sweat glands respond to?

A

Stress

153
Q

Eccrine sweat glands control?

A

Body temperature

154
Q

What ion found in hemoglobin?

A

Fe

155
Q

What ion found in chlorophyll?

A

Mg

156
Q

Bond type between nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

A

Phosphodiester

157
Q

Polyspermy?

A

Entry of more than one sperm into the egg

158
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

159
Q

Parenthogenesis?

A

Egg develops without fertilization

160
Q

Prolactin stimulates?

A

Milk secretion in mammals

161
Q

Many human diseases do to what 2 organisms?

A

Roundworms

Flatworms

162
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

LH surge

163
Q

Amnion?

A

Fluid filled sac that protects embryo

164
Q

Placenta made of?

A

Chorion and Endometrium

165
Q

Chorion secretes?

A

Chorionic gonadotropin hormone

166
Q

Function of chorionic gonadotropin hormone?

A

Maintain corpus luteum

167
Q

After 3 months of fetal development produces estrogen and progesterone?

A

Placenta

DAT (5 decks)

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