Destroyer Bio 401-516 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Vertebrae’s begin with what organism?
A
Jawless fish
2
Q
What is the order of mammal ancestors? (5)
A
Jawless fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
3
Q
Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
A
Eukaryotic
4
Q
Euglena motility?
A
Flagellum
5
Q
Paramecium motility?
A
Cilia
6
Q
Amoeba motility?
A
Pseudopodia
7
Q
What substance reduces the surface tension of fluid in an infant’s lungs?
A
Surfactant
8
Q
What stimulates the first breath and a newborn?
A
High carbon dioxide levels
9
Q
What is the name for a solid ball of cells during embryo development?
A
Morula
10
Q
What forms after the morula during embryo development?
A
Blastocyst
11
Q
Where are the structural genes located that control lactose metabolism?
A
Operon
12
Q
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
A
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
13
Q
What holds adjacent cells together in cardiac muscle?
A
Intercalated disks
14
Q
Where is the ATP synthase located?
A
In chloroplasts and mitochondria
15
Q
What tissue has very little ability to regenerate?
A
Nervous system tissue
16
Q
What is cartilage derived from?
A
Mesenchyme
17
Q
What are the folds in mitochondria called?
A
Cristae
18
Q
What is the outermost gastrula layer?
A
Ectoderm
19
Q
What is habituation?
A
Learning through experience not to respond to a situation if a response has no positive or negative consequences
20
Q
What is sensitization?
A
An increased response to repeated stimulants
21
Q
Are birds warm or cold blooded? How many chambers are in their hearts?
A
Warm-blooded with four chambered hearts
22
Q
What is a vestigial organ?
A
A useless part of an animal that has no function
23
Q
What is the Cori cycle ?
A
The conversion of lactate back into glucose in the liver
24
Q
What happens to lactate produce the muscles?
A
It is transported to the liver for the Cori cycle
25
In what organisms does the glyoxylate cycle occur in?
Plants and bacteria
26
Where does beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?
The matrix of mitochondria
27
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol
28
Can animals convert fatty acids into glucose?
No
29
Are mammals endotherm's or exotherm's?
Endotherm
30
What occurs in the Golgi apparatus?
Sugar groups are added to proteins and some proteins or enclosed in secretory granules for XO cytosis
31
What are the three basic types of epithelial tissue?
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
32
Where are chemotrypsin and trypsin produced? What type of enzymes are they?
Pancreas
| Proteases
33
What is a zymogen?
An inactive enzyme
34
What converts trypsinogen to trypsin?
Enterokinase
35
What is an episome?
A plasmid incorporated into a chromosome
36
How do cyanobacteria produce energy?
Photosynthesis
37
What light is the most effective in photosynthesis?
Blue and red
38
How many proteins are involved in RNA polymerize?
6
39
What site determines where transcription begins?
The promoter
40
What is another name for a bacteriophage?
A virus
41
What is it called when a single gene affects many traits in an organism?
Pleiotrophy
42
What is epistasis?
One two gene products interact to influence a common phenotype
43
What occurs when a ligand binds a receptor?
A conformational change
44
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm?
Break down the protective surfaces of the egg
45
Where is hyaluronidase found? What type of enzyme is it?
In acrosome of sperm
| Hydrolytic enzyme
46
What is translated from mature RNA, the exons or introns?
Exons
47
Lysosomes bud off of what organelle?
Golgi apparatus
48
What would you block to prevent an action potential?
Na channels
49
Are impulses faster in wide or narrow nerve fibers?
Wide
50
What is the precursor to the prokaryotic cell?
Protobiont
51
What are protobionts?
Metabolically active protein clusters
52
What is operant conditioning?
When an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with the consequences that follow
53
What occurs in classical conditioning?
A physical response occurs to a stimulus from the environment
54
The notochord is derived from what tissue?
Mesoderm
55
What can change in action potentials? Speed, amplitude, or frequency
Frequency
56
What is molting?
Shedding of exoskeleton in crayfish (arthropod)
57
Arthropod
Symmetry?
Circulatory system?
Bilateral symmetry
| Open circulatory system
58
What do prostate fluids do?
Help neutralize vagina
59
Examples of ruminants?
Cows, sheep, deer
60
Ruminants stomach pH?
Alkaline (basic)
61
Ruminants stomach chambers?
4
62
Phrenic nerve function?
Contracts diaphragm
63
Where does blood move slowest?
Capillaries
64
What lymphocytes release histamine?
Basophils
65
What produces Interluekin 1?
Macrophages
66
What produces interluekin 2?
Helper T cells
67
What is the function of interluekins?
Activate cytotoxic cells, B cells, and helper T cells
68
Helper T cells mobilize which branch of immune system?
Both humoral and cell mediated immune system
69
Rain shadows?
Environments near mountains that receive very little moisture
70
What is it called when evolution is concentrated in a very rapid advance of creating a new species?
Punctuated equilibrium
71
What is parthenogenesis?
| Example?
New individuals are produced without fertilizer
| Example - Male Honey Bees
72
New spores are released from what?
Sporangia
73
What is the main fungus involved in food spoilage?
Rhizopus
74
What are the most diverse type of plants?
Angiosperms
75
What did angiosperms evolve from?
Gymnosperms
76
What did gymnosperms evolve from?
Bryophytes
77
Which organism contains our flagellum for locomotion and often has chloroplasts?
Euglena
78
What is the special feature of paramecium?
It has a contract Vacuole to rid the cell of excess water
79
What is a planaria?
Oh flatworm that contains both male and female reproductive structures
80
Hyrda contains what specialized structure?
Stinging cells called nematocysts
81
Electrophoresis in the presence of the detergent SDS Will separate proteins based on what characteristic?
Mass
82
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
G1
83
Where do killer T cells develop?
Thymus
84
How do you killer T cells destroy their targets?
Use the protein perforin to lyse their targets
85
Where are electrons transferred during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
From water to ATP and NADP+
86
Light reactions of photosynthesis
Water - oxidized or reduced?
NADP+ - oxidized or reduced?
Water is oxidized
| NADP+ is reduced
87
What hormone is released by the duodenum to inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach?
Enterogastrone
88
What is the function of secretin?
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme
89
Where is the secretin made
In duodenum
90
Where is the function of enterogastrone?
Do you inhibit peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach
91
What is insulin derived from?
Preproinsulin and pro-insulin
92
Which ion binds to troponin during muscle contractions?
Ca++
93
What is Jacobson's organ?
A sense organ that detects chemical stimuli
94
Where are the color forming cells of a Chamaeleon found?
In the dermis
95
What type of plants are Pinetree's?
Gymnosperms
96
What does the ovary of an angiosperm develop into after fertilization?
Fruit
97
What is the second messenger that activates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
98
What is involved in relaxing smooth muscle?
Nitric oxide
99
What does cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP activate?
Protein kinases
100
Do you amphibians have an amnion?
No
101
Can facultative anaerobic bacteria live with or without oxygen?
Both with and without oxygen
102
What happens of obligate anaerobic bacteria are exposed to oxygen?
They will die
103
What is an oncogene?
A gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations
104
What is a prion?
Protein infectious particle
105
What cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
106
What are kupffer cells?
Macrophages located in the liver
107
What is the function of renin? Production location?
It regulates arterial blood pressure
| Produced in juxtaglomerular apparatus
108
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
Nurture sperm
109
What was the essential factor in land colonization?
Ozone formation
110
Where are mitochondria located in sperm?
In the midpiece
111
What is the name of the Jelly coat surrounding an Egg cell?
Zona pellucida
112
What causes rigor mortis?
Due to the lack of ATP, the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until the muscles begin decomposing
113
What is tetanus?
Sustained forceful muscle contraction
114
What is tonus?
A condition of skeletal muscle and which I sustained slight contraction is maintained
115
What is metaplasia?
A change from one cell to another such as inflammation or irritation
116
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in cell number
117
What is atrophy?
A decrease in cell size
118
What is aplasia?
Almost complete failure of development
119
What type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose?
Isomerase
120
What distinguishes insects from crustaceans?
Two pairs of antenna
121
Do nematodes have a complete digestive system?
Yes
122
What makes up most of earths crust?
Oxygen followed by silicon
123
What makes up most of earths atmosphere?
Nitrogen followed by oxygen
124
Can methanogens utilize oxygen?
No, poisoned by oxygen
125
Where can methanogens be found?
In gut of ruminants
126
What is used to compare the efficiency of an enzyme?
Kcat/ Km ratio
Largest is most efficient
127
What is another name for fertilization ?
Syngamy
128
What is transformation?
When bacteria of one strain incorporate genes from a second strain of bacteria
129
How are dizygotic twins produced?
2 eggs and 2 sperm
130
What is the glyoxylate cycle?
Sugars produced from acetyl-CoA in plants and bacteria
131
What does the hexose mono phosphate shunt do?
It converts glucose into five carbon sugar's and generates NADPH
132
What are immature male gametophytes?
Pollen grains
133
Most of the eye is made of what?
Vitreous humor
134
Where does light enter the eye?
Cornea
135
What is clathrin involved in?
Cell mediated endocytosis
136
Where is spectrin found? Function?
In erythrocytes, helps resist strong shearing forces
137
Where is blood pressure highest?
Aorta
138
What is a sphygmomanometer used for?
Measuring blood pressure
139
What is a monometer used for?
Measuring gas pressure
140
What is the main calcium compound in the bone?
Calcium phosphate
141
What percent of calcium is in the bloodstream?
1%
142
What does the allantois do in humans?
It is involved and oxygen and nutrients transport and becomes part of the placenta
143
What does the allantois stalk become?
Umbilical cord
