development Flashcards
(42 cards)
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which has to do with genetics and environmental influences?
nature vs. nurture
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are changes gradual or abrupt”?
continuity vs discontinuity
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are developmental patterns universal or culture-specific?
universal vs. ecological
who is jean piaget?
was very instrumental in developmental psychology
what are the 3 piagetian concepts discussed in lecture?
-schema
-assimilation
-accommodation
what is schema?
-structured cluster of concepts about how the world works
-mental framework that is created as children interact w/their physical and social environments
what is assimilation?
-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise schema
what is accommodation?
-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
what are piagets stages of cognitive development?
-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operational
-formal operational
when/what occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
-birth -2 years
-interaction with enviornment
-more focus on here and now
-cognitive milestone: object permanence (moves child to preoperational stage)
when/what occurs in the preoperational stage?
- 2-6 years
-no internal mental operations/manipulations
-egocentrism: cannot understand that others have different points of view
-failure to pass conservation tasks
when/what occurs in the concrete operational stage?
- 6-12 years
-internal mental operations/manipulations, but concrete (not abstract)
-hands-on learning best
-cognitive milestone: conservation (moves child from preoperational to concrete)
when/what occurs in the formal operational stage?
- 12+ years
-abstract concepts
-problem solving that can go beyond trial and error
“what if” problems
what are some criticisms of piaget’s theory?
-reduced focus on individual differences
-abrupt stages vs. gradual and continuous
-mechanisms for moving to a new stage? (like how did he get these milestones)
what is theory of mind (TOM)?
-extends piaget’s concept of egocentrism
-can child understand another person’s POV?
-emerges at ~3-4 yrs (before end of piaget’s preoperational stage)
- test for TOM: false belief test
what is temperament?
-individual differences in patterns of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness
-predictive of adult personality
what is attachment?
-connection between infant and parent
-more focus on infant with mother
what are the 4 main types of attachment patterns?
-secure
-avoidant
-anxious-ambivalent
-disorganized
what idea did harlow demonstrate w/her studies with monkeys?
-the importance of comfort
-study:
~ baby monkeys preferred comfort than getting food
~thinking of caregiver as ‘secure base’
what is reactive attachment disorder?
-can occur w/children from orphanages
-institutionalization and neglect during critical period for attachment (birth-5 years)
-early vs. later environmental influences
T/F: attachment patterns interact with parenting styles to influence social and emotional development?
True
what are the 2 dimensions for parenting styles?
behvaioral regulation: as a parent how much control do i exert over my children?
parental support: how much support do i give my child?
what are the 4 types of parenting styles? and briefly describe them.
-authoritarian: high in behavioral control, low in support (all about rules; very strict)
-uninvolved: low parental support, low parental control (very open; do whatever you want)
-permissive: high support, low parental control (not very rule based, but very supportive at the same time)
-authoritative: high parental control, high support (gives rules but still supportive)
for mischel: delay of gratification (how do kids develop impulse control), how did they test for impulse control?
-marshmallow test
-Adult place a marshmallow on table. Adult leaves and says don’t touch marshmallow, i will be back with another where then if you wait you get both
