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psychology 202 > disorders and treatment > Flashcards

disorders and treatment Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 factors that may lead to a diagnosis?

A

-statistical abnormality
-deviation from ‘ideal’ behavior
-abnormal behaviors as distressing and harmful to self and others

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2
Q

what are the 2 main system for diagnosis?

A

-DSM (american psychiatric association)
-ICD (world health organization)

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3
Q

what is the argument about labeling and diagnosis?

A

labeling facilitates professional communication
BUT
can stigmatize and lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

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4
Q

what types of disorders can children have and which ones did we focus most on in lecture?

A

-children can have most disorders that adults can have (except for personality disorders)
-focused most on autism (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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5
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A

-wide spectrum of impairment
-repetitive behavior: rocking, spinning, hand movements (sometimes called stimming)
-sensitivity to environmental stimuli
-desire for routine

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6
Q

people who have autism may have impairment in what areas?

A

-social ability and interpretation of social situations
-communication skills; language delays
-sometimes cognitive impairment
-theory of mind

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7
Q

what are autistic savants?

A

-relatively rare
-remarkable abilities in a narrow area: art, memory, arithmetic, music, spatial skills
-ex: stephen wiltshire impressive artist

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8
Q

what are the causes of ASD?

A

-primarily biological: concordance rates for MZ twins between 70-90%
-parental age a risk factor
-differences in brain structure

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9
Q

T/F, brain growth during the first 2 years tends to be very fast but becomes abnormally slow during adolescence?

A

True

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10
Q

is autism due to vaccinations?

A

NO

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11
Q

what is the treatment for autism?

A

-applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
-developed by Ivar Lovaas and colleagues; bases in operant conditioning
-intensive therapy: requires a minimum of 40 hours/wk of treatment

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12
Q

what are some characteristics of ADHD?

A

-impulse control disorder
-restless, impulsive, inattentive
-can have inattention + hyperactivity or just one
-difficulty in following directions, maintaining attention on tasks, maintaining friendships

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13
Q

T/F? it is estimated that 11% of boys and 4% of girls have ADHD in the US?

A

true,
BUT a possibility of over-diagnosis

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14
Q

what are some causes of ADHD?

A

-biological: MZ twin concordance rate of 55%
-impairment in the connection between frontal lobes and the limbic system
-environmental risk factors: lead contamination, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to alcohol/tobacco

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15
Q

what is the treatment for ADHD?

A

-medications: ritalin, dexedrine, adderall
-meds increase dopamine, norepinephrine
-treatment using operant conditioning
-parent training
-classroom management

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16
Q

why are stimulants used in treatment for ADHD?

A

underactivity in frontal lobes which control impulsivity

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17
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model?

A

-general framework for understanding causes of disorders
-diathesis: predisposing factors (ex. genetics, personality traits, environment, early and prolonged stressors)
stress: precipitating or triggering factors (stressful major life events associated with the onset of psychopathological symptoms in adulthood)

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18
Q

what are the anxiety disorders we discussed in lecture? (5)

A

-generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
-panic disorder
-phobic disorder
-obsessive-compulsive disorder
-post traumatic stress disorder

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19
Q

what is anxiety?

A

-strong negative emotions
-physical tension because of anticipation of danger

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20
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

-excessive anxiety and worry more days than not for 6 months
-person finds it difficult to control the worry

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21
Q

anxiety and worry is associated with at least 3 of these following symptoms:

A

-restlessness/feeling on edge
-easily fatigued
-difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
-irritability
-muscle tension
-sleep disturbance

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22
Q

what is panic disorder ?

A

-sudden occurrence of multiple physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror;panic attacks

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23
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

an extreme fear of venturing into public or open spaces; correlates with panic disorder

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24
Q

t/f: panic disorder can occur with or without agoraphobia?

A

true

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25
Q

what is a phobia?

A

excessive fear of an object or situation

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26
Q

what is social anxiety?

A

fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others; meeting new people, public speaking

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27
Q

what is obsessive compulsive disorder?

A

-obsessions: repetitive, intrusive thoughts
-compulsions: ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off obsessions

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28
Q

what are possible causes of OCD?

A

-dysfunction in caudate nucleus of basal ganglia; involved in impulse suppression
-low serotonin
-strep infection as a young child

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29
Q

what is post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

-occurs after traumatic event
-hypervigilance
-avoidance of stimuli associated w/the trauma
-flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, nightmares

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30
Q

what is cognitive therapy?

A

helping a client identify and correct distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

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31
Q

what is constructive restructuing/reframing?

A

teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative thinking; replace with more realistic and positive beliefs

32
Q

what is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies

33
Q

What does medication do as ‘therapy’?

A

-GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, medication for anxiety disorders increase GABA

34
Q

what are some treatment options for OCD?

A

-treatments blend medication and CBT with focus on exposure and response prevention (ERP)
-expose client to triggering stimulus
-client learns not to engage in compulsion as response to trigger

35
Q

what is MDD?

A

-MDD= major depressive disorder
-profound, persistent period of depression for two or more weeks as indicated by several symptoms

36
Q

what are some symptoms for MDD?

A

-depressed mood
-diminished interest and pleasure
-significant weight gain/loss
-insomnia or hyperinsomnia
-fatigue/loss of energy

37
Q

what is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

A

-chronic (2+ years) of ‘low grade’ depression
-doesn’t meet criteria for MDD
-differences from MDD in intensity and level of functioning

38
Q

what are symptoms for persistent depressive disorder?

A

-poor appetite or overeating
-insomnia/hyperinsomnia
-low energy
-low self esteem

39
Q

what are the 2 sides to the mood spectrum?

A

-depression and mania

40
Q

what is bipolar I disorder?

A

-history of manic episodes
-history of depressive episodes

41
Q

what is bipolar II disorder?

A

-history of hypomanic (less intense than full on mania) episodes
-history of major depressive episodes

42
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder?

A

-hypomanic
-low-level depression

43
Q

what is a manic episode?

A

-distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive and/or irritable mood
-increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
-excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

44
Q

manic episodes are indicated by the following:

A

-inflated self esteem or grandiosity
-decreased need for sleep
-more talkative
-racing thoughts
-distractability

45
Q

what occurs in a hypomanic episode?

A

-restless, consumed with confidence, energized
-not as prone to the gloom following mania
-hypomanic states generates bursts of creative work

46
Q

a present mental state can be what?

A

-a manic episode
-a mixed episode
-a major depressive episode

47
Q

what is a mixed episode?

A

-alternation between mood states within an episode
-special case of rapid cycling

48
Q

what are the 3 causal factors of mood disorders?

A

-biological
-situational
-cognitive

49
Q

what are some biological factors for mood disorders?

A

-medications targeting norepinephrine and serotonin modulate mood
-heritability estimates for MDD= 33-45%
-depression related to diminished activity in left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in right prefrontal cortex

50
Q

what are some situational factors for mood disorders?

A

-negative reactions of others to depressed persons can produce rejection and isolation
-importance of social support: may buffer and protect

51
Q

what are some cognitive factors for mood disorders?

A

-helplessness theory: individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global
-persons w/pessimistic, self-blaming thought patterns more likely to develop depression in response to stressful life events

52
Q

what are the 4 different treatments for mood disorders?

A

-psychoanalysis (freud)
-humanistic approaches
-behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral (CBT)
-medication

53
Q

what is psychoanalysis ?

A

goals: insight, make the unconscious conscious, expand the ego’s control
-more therapist-driven interpretation

54
Q

what are humanistic approaches to mood disorders?

A

-person-centered therapy
-reflection; unconditional positive regard

55
Q

what are cognitive-behavioral approaches to mood disorders?

A

-change depressive thought patterns; learned optimism
-ex. seligman’s ABCDE model

56
Q

what is seligman’s ABCDE model?

A

-Adversity: what was the negative event?
-Beliefs: what did you think?
-Consequences: what did those beliefs cause?
-Dispute: distorted beliefs/argue with yourself
-evaluate: what happens if dispute, change thoughts?

57
Q

what are medication approaches to mood disorders?

A

-medication affects neurotransmitter processes
-antidepressant drugs: tricyclic antidepressants
-SSRIs
-MAOIs

58
Q

is medication with or without therapy important?

A

CBT shows far greater efficacy in reducing relapse than medications alone

59
Q

what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

-used in extreme cases of depression when person not responding to other treatment
-not fully understood why it works
-increase in responsiveness to dopamine and norepinephrine
-reduction in subjective feelings of depression

60
Q

what is the treatment for bipolar disorder?

A

-medication: lithium has unique anti-manic properties: 80% positive response in actively manic patients; also reduces depression
-psychotherapy for medication management; family and social relationships
BUT
-many patients discontinue medication because mania feels good

61
Q

what is a personality disorder?

A

-an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior
-5 characteristics:
1. deviates markedly from the expectation of the individual’s culture
2. is pervasive and inflexible
3. has an onset in adolesence or early adulthood
4. is stable over time
5. leads to either significant personal distress of impairment in social-occupational role functioning

62
Q

what are 3 types of personality disorders?

A

-narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)
-antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
-borderline personality disorder (BPD)

63
Q

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

A

-pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy
-symptoms: grandiose sense of self importance
–preoccupied w/fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliaance, beauty, ideal love
-believes they’re special
excessive admiration
sense of entitlement
unable to recognize empathy

64
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A

-related to, but different from, psychopathy
-pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others
-law violations, deceit, impulsivity, aggressiveness, disregard for safety

65
Q

what is the difference between ASPD and psychopathy?

A

-both involve combination of personality traits and socially deviant behaviors
-psycopathy viewed as more severe, violent

66
Q

what is psychopathy?

A

-have psychpathy checklist
glibness/superficial charm
grandiose sense of self-worth
need for stimulation
pathological lying
conning/manipulative

67
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A

-unstable mood; anger outbursts
-intense and volatile interpersonal relationships
-self-mutilation or suicide threats to get attention or manipulate others
-self image fluctuates; unstable sense of self
-sees others as all good or all bad

68
Q

what are treatment options for personality disorders?

A

-medications: do not specifically target personality disorders, but can help release symptoms
-CBT
-difficult to treat because persons often think there’s nothing wrong

69
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A

-characterized by psychosis: losing touch w/reality
-Profound disruption of basic psychological processes
-Distorted perception of reality
-Altered or blunted emotion
-Disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
-Occurs in about 1% of the population

70
Q

what is delusion?

A

a patently false belief system, often bizzare and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

71
Q

what is hallucination?

A

a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

72
Q

what is disorganized speech?

A

symptom for schizo..
-severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one topic to another

73
Q

what is grossly disorganized behavior?

A

symptom for shizo…
-behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

74
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

-excesses in functioning
–delusions
–hallucinations
–loosening of associations
–disorganized and inappropriate behavior

75
Q

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

-deficits in functioning: poorer prognosis
–isolation
–withdrawl
–apathy
–blunted emotional expression

psychology 202 (7 decks)

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