development

Question 1

qualitative vs. quantitative developmental progress

Answer 1

• qualitative: abrupt changes in stages, moving from one stage to the next
• quantitative: gradual, continual change throughout development

Question 2

prenatal environmental effects

Answer 2

tetragens: environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development

Question 3

novelty

Answer 3

newborns show interest in new stimuli

Question 4

motor development

Answer 4

• the ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements
• motor skills emerge in sequence:
  
  • from the head to the feet
  • from the center outward
• huge variation in pace of development

Question 5

cognitive development

Answer 5

changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 6

jean piaget

Answer 6

stages of cognitive development

Question 7

stages of cognitive development

Answer 7

1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
2. preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
3. concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years)
4. formal operational stage ( 12 years and up)

Question 8

sensorimotor stage

Answer 8

• knowledge through senses and actions
• no symbols or language
• no object permanence

Question 9

preoperational stage

Answer 9

• symbols, simple object classification (colour, shape)
• struggles to see situations from multiple perspectives
• struggle to imagine how situations can change

Question 10

concrete operational stage

Answer 10

• can use multiple perspectives and imagination to solve complex problems
• can apply this thinking to concrete or events

Question 11

formal operational stage

Answer 11

• adolescents can reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions

Question 12

critiques of piaget’s theory

Answer 12

• underestimates children’s abilities
• oversimplifies the process of cognitive development
• cognitive development is more continuous rather than stage-like

Question 13

biology of development

Answer 13

• neural proliferation: the creation of new synaptic connections
• synaptic pruning: the trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a “use it or lose it”
• myelination of axons: the process of insulating axons in myelin, which speeds their conductivity and allows information to move more rapidly through the brain and body

Question 14

___ areas of the brain mature fastest, ___ lobes mature more slowly

Answer 14

sensory, frontal

Question 15

social referencing

Answer 15

using others’ facial expression for information about how to react to a situation

Question 16

attachment

Answer 16

the strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

Question 17

imprinting

Answer 17

attaching to the first moving object an organism sees

Question 18

harry harlow attatchment

Answer 18

• thought human infants attach to those who provide food
• study of infant monkeys and cloth vs. wire mothers

Question 19

john bowlby attachment

Answer 19

• comfort, not nutrition, is crucial for human attachment
• caregiver = secure base

Question 20

mary ainsworth’s three attachment styles

Answer 20

• secure attachment
• insecure/avoidant attachment
• insecure/ambivalent attachment

Question 21

temperament

Answer 21

• a person’s characteristic patterns of emotion and behaviour that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined
• irritable temperaments
  
  • associated with a higher likelihood of developing insecure attachment

Question 22

symbolic representation

Answer 22

the use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to stand for other things
- capacity begins in early childhood
- symbolic schemas: language, imaginative play

Question 23

egocentrism

Answer 23

difficulty that preoperational children have thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people

Question 24

theory of mind

Answer 24

understanding that we and other people have different minds that represent the world in different ways, and that this knowledge can explain and predict how others will behave

Question 25

sociocultural view of development

Answer 25

- Lev Vygotsky - the child's mind grows through social interaction with knowledgable others

Question 26

scaffolding

Answer 26

promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things that are beyond current capabilities

Question 27

authoritative parenting style

Answer 27

the parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children

Question 28

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 28

rigid rules with no explanation, and expect their children to obey them without question or face severe punishment

Question 29

permissive parenting style

Answer 29

parents who are responsive to their children, but lack rules and discipline

Question 30

disengaged parenting style

Answer 30

neither demanding nor responsive, and they provide little to no emotional support, guidance, or attention to the child's needs

Question 31

adolescence and the brain

Answer 31

- burst of synaptic growth just before puberty - followed by a second wave of synaptic pruning - myelination increases

Question 32

kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning

Answer 32

- preconventional stage: moral judgements are based on self-interest, such as reward and punishment - conventional stage: moral judgements are based on caring for others and upholding social roles and rules - postconventional stage: moral judgements are based on ideals and broad moral principles

Question 33

identity and erik erikson

Answer 33

- stages of social development across lifespan - each stage has a developmental task, and a potential psychosocial crisis - adolescent stage: identity vs. role confusion

Question 34

social clock

Answer 34

norms that imply a typical timing of life milestones like marriage, parenthood, and retirement - deviations from the social clock can cause stress

Question 35

two tasks of adulthood according to erikson

Answer 35

love and work

Question 36

marriage/romantic partnership

Answer 36

- married people live longer and have better well-being

Question 37

generativity (contributing to the world)

Answer 37

- more positive emotions - greater satisfaction with life and work - individual differences in timing and strength of desire

Question 38

parenthood

Answer 38

- may decrease well-being, marital satisfaction, and life-satisfaction - may increase: - happiness - postive emotions - sense of meaning in life

Question 39

late adulthood: cognition

Answer 39

- most intellectual abilities get worse - crystalized intelligence gets better - risk of disorders of cognitive decline

Question 40

predictors of later-life physical and cognitive health

Answer 40

- exercise - more intellectual, leisure, and social activities - education and complex jobs - healthy diets

Question 41

habituation

Answer 41

- a form of learning - infants become less responsive to a repeated stimulus

Question 42

dishabituation

Answer 42

- the recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically because of a new stimulus