emotion

Question 1

emotion is…

Answer 1

1. psychological activation
2. expressive behaviours
3. conscious experience

Question 2

when do emotions occur

Answer 2

when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals

Question 3

emotions are a ___ set of…

Answer 3

• coordinated
• behaviours, feelings, and physiological changes

Question 4

when are emotions strongest

Answer 4

when we have strong desire to avoid or obtain

Question 5

commonsense view

Answer 5

• thought -> emotion -> to physiological response
• this dark alley may not be safe -> fear -> heart-racing, palms sweating

Question 6

james-lange theory

Answer 6

• physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
• sight of oncoming car -> pounding heart -> fear

Question 7

cannon-bard theory

Answer 7

emotion and body’s arousal are simultaneous

Question 8

Schachter’s two-factor theory

Answer 8

physical arousal + cognitive label = emotion

Question 9

embodied emotion

Answer 9

• emotions involve bodily responses
• responses throughout the body
• mobilizations throughout the body

Question 10

how much arousal is needed for difficult tasks to have high performance

Answer 10

low arousal

Question 11

how much arousal is needed for easy tasks to have high performance

Answer 11

high arousal

Question 12

physiological differences among emotions

Answer 12

• facial muscles: fear vs. joy
• amygdala: fear vs. anger
• more right frontal brain activity: depression
• more left frontal brain activity: happiness

Question 13

examples of emotion in the body

Answer 13

• mass killer with tumor near amygdala
• stimulating particular left-frontal area induces smiling, laughter, euphoria
• spinal cord patients with no bodily sensation report less intense emotions

Question 14

what is the problem with lie detector tests

Answer 14

there is no evidence that any pattern of physiological reactions is unique to deception

Question 15

spillover phenomena

Answer 15

arousal from previous event influences reaction to next event
- ex. horror movie or anger

Question 16

two routes to emotion

Answer 16

without conscious appraisal vs. with conscious appraisal

Question 17

zajonc/ledoux perspective

Answer 17

• emotion without cognition/appraisal
• neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex (‘thinking’ part of brain) to create fear

Question 18

lazarus/schachter-singer perspective

Answer 18

• emotion with cognition/appraisal

Question 19

origins of emotional expression

Answer 19

darwin speculated that facial expressions preceded spoken language -> survival value

Question 20

discrete emotions

Answer 20

• izard (1977) identified 10 emotions
• all are present in infancy (except contempt, shame, and guilt)

Question 21

biology of fear

Answer 21

amygdala
- some fears are easier to learn than others

Question 22

what makes us angry?

Answer 22

1. friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings
2. foul odours, high temperatures, traffic jams, aches and pains

Question 23

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 23

when we feel happy, we are more willing to help others

Question 24

adaptation-level phenomenon

Answer 24

like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to different income levels

Question 25

relative deprivation

Answer 25

perceiving that we are worse off than others we compare ourselves to

Question 26

does money = happiness?

Answer 26

small correlation between money and happiness

Question 27

valuing love vs money

Answer 27

- people who value money more have less life satisfaction - people who value love more have more life satisfaction

Question 28

spending on self vs. others study

Answer 28

- **elizabeth dunn** and colleagues - people who spend more on others are happier - people who spend more on others are happier in the future - people randomly assigned to spend $5 on others, rather than themselves, are happier afterwards