Development

Question 1

What are the three broad domains of development?

Answer 1

Physical, Cognitive, and Social/Emotional (Affective).

Question 2

What are the phases of prenatal development?

Answer 2

Germinal stage (conception to 2 weeks), Embryonic stage (2 to 7 weeks), Foetal stage (8 weeks to birth).

Question 3

What are teratogens?

Answer 3

Chemical substances that can cause damage to the embryo or foetus.

Question 4

What are the effects of smoking during pregnancy?

Answer 4

Reduced birth weight; infants of mothers who smoke are around 250g lighter at birth.

Question 5

What are the main brain changes during adolescence?

Answer 5

Neural network connections in the frontal lobes grow/strengthen; areas involved in reward, motivation, and emotion continue to develop.

Question 6

What is ontogeny?

A) Change within a species
B) Change within one individual
C) Change across generations
D) Change in a population

Answer 6

A: B) Change within one individual

Question 7

What are the three broad domains of development?

A) Physical, Emotional, and Genetic
B) Physical, Cognitive, and Social/Emotional
​C) Cognitive, Genetic, and Emotional
D) Physical, Genetic, and Social

Answer 7

A: B) Physical, Cognitive, and Social/Emotional

Question 8

What is the most dramatic period of change during development?

A) Infancy
​
B) Adolescence
​
C) Prenatal period
​
D) Early childhood

Answer 8

A: C) Prenatal period

Question 9

What are teratogens?

A) Genetic mutations
B) Environmental hazards
​C) Chemical substances causing damage to the embryo or foetus
​D) Nutritional deficiencies

Answer 9

A: C) Chemical substances causing damage to the embryo or foetus

Question 10

What is the clearest influence of smoking during pregnancy?
​
A) Increased risk of miscarriage
B) Low birth weight
C) Cognitive impairments
D) Premature birth

Answer 10

A: B) Low birth weight

Question 11

What condition is caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy?
​
A) Low Birth Weight Syndrome
B) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
C) Teratogenic Disorder
D) Prenatal Alcohol Disorder

Answer 11

A: B) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 12

What are the effects of severe malnutrition during pregnancy?

A) Increased birth weight
B) Low birth weight and mental health issues
C) Enhanced cognitive abilities
D) Delayed motor skills

Answer 12

A: B) Low birth weight and mental health issues

Question 13

What are the phases of prenatal development?

A) Germinal, Embryonic, and Foetal
B) Embryonic, Neonatal, and Infant
C) Germinal, Neonatal, and Foetal
D) Embryonic, Infant, and Toddler

Answer 13

A: A) Germinal, Embryonic, and Foetal

Question 14

What are the main brain changes during middle age?

A) Decrease in white matter connections
​B) Strengthening of white matter connections ​
C) Shrinking of brain structures
​D) Rapid synapse formation

Answer 14

A: B) Strengthening of white matter connections

Question 15

What is the role of epigenetics in development?

A) It studies genetic mutations
B) It examines how environmental factors influence gene expression
​
C) It focuses on prenatal nutrition
​
D) It investigates teratogens

Answer 15

​A: B) It examines how environmental factors influence gene expression

Question 16

What are the effects of prenatal auditory development?

A) Foetuses cannot recognize sounds
B) Foetuses can recognize speech and rhymes
​C) Foetuses develop visual abilities before auditory ones
D) Foetuses are unaffected by auditory stimuli

Answer 16

A: B) Foetuses can recognize speech and rhymes

Question 17

What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 17

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations & formal operations

Question 18

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Answer 18

A: ZPD refers to the range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently, highlighting the role of social interaction in learning.

Question 19

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?
A. Physical development
​
B. Cognitive development
​
C. Social development
D. All of the above

Answer 19

D. All of the above

Question 20

Which theory emphasizes the role of culture in cognitive development?
​
A. Piaget’s theory
​
B. Vygotsky’s theory
​
C. Maturationism
​
D. Behaviorism

Answer 20

B. Vygotsky’s theory

Question 21

What is the endpoint of Piaget’s formal operations stage?
A. Egocentric thinking
​
B. Hypothetical and abstract thinking
​
C. Centration
​
D. Conservation

Answer 21

B. Hypothetical and abstract thinking

Question 22

Which brain region is heavily involved in self-regulation and executive function during adolescence?
​
A. Temporal cortex
​
B. Pre-frontal cortex
​
C. Parietal cortex
​
D. Occipital cortex

Answer 22

Answer: B. Pre-frontal cortex

Question 23

What does the wear-and-tear theory of aging suggest?
​
A. Aging is pre-programmed
​
B. Aging results from accumulated damage to the body
​
C. Aging is entirely genetic
D. Aging is reversible

Answer 23

B. Aging results from accumulated damage to the body

Question 24

What is centration in Piaget’s preoperational stage?
A. Ability to conserve
​
B. Exclusive focus on one salient aspect of a problem
​
C. Abstract thinking
​
D. Reversibility of thought

Answer 24

B. Exclusive focus on one salient aspect of a problem

Question 25

Which psychologist studied the acquisition of irrational fears through learning? ​ A. Jean Piaget ​ B. John Watson ​ C. Lev Vygotsky D. Arnold Gesell

Answer 25

John Watson

Question 26

What is the primary characteristic of adolescence in terms of cognitive development? ​ A. Egocentric thinking ​ B. Advanced problem-solving and hypothetical thinking ​ C. Centration ​ D. Conservation

Answer 26

B. Advanced problem-solving and hypothetical thinking

Question 27

What is assimilation in Piaget's theory? A. Reorganizing structures to account for new information ​ B. Adding information to existing structures ​ C. Hypothetical thinking ​ D. Conservation ​

Answer 27

Answer: B. Adding information to existing structures

Question 28

What is the main criticism of Piaget's stage theory? ​ A. It overemphasizes social interaction B. It underestimates ages and ignores individual differences ​ C. It lacks empirical evidence ​ D. It focuses too much on adulthood

Answer 28

Answer: B. It underestimates ages and ignores individual differences

Question 29

What is the primary focus of the skill learning hypothesis? A. Conservation B. Frontal brain regions during skill acquisition ​ C. Pre-programmed aging ​ D. Centration

Answer 29

B. Frontal brain regions during skill acquisition

Question 30

What is the primary characteristic of early adulthood? A. Decline in physical fitness ​ B. Peak of muscular strength and senses ​ C. Accelerated deterioration of physical capabilities ​ D. Risk-taking behavior

Answer 30

B. Peak of muscular strength and senses

Question 31

What does the interactive specialization approach emphasize? A. Pre-programmed aging ​ B. Organizing inter-regional brain interactions ​ C. Centration ​ D. Conservation

Answer 31

B. Organizing inter-regional brain interactions

Question 32

What is the primary focus of information processing accounts? A. Conservation B. Flow of information through the cognitive system ​ C. Centration ​ D. Pre-programmed aging

Answer 32

Flow of information through the cognitive system

Question 33

What is the primary characteristic of middle adulthood? A. Peak physical fitness ​ B. Slight deterioration in physical function ​ C. Accelerated deterioration of physical capabilities ​ D. Risk-taking behavior

Answer 33

B. Slight deterioration in physical function

Question 34

What is the primary characteristic of late adulthood? A. Peak physical fitness ​ B. Accelerated deterioration of physical capabilities ​ C. Risk-taking behavior ​ D. Conservation

Answer 34

Accelerated deterioration of physical capabilities

Question 35

What is the primary focus of the pre-programmed theory of aging? ​ A. Aging is reversible B. Aging follows predetermined patterns ​ C. Aging results from accumulated damage ​ D. Aging is entirely genetic

Answer 35

Answer: B. Aging follows predetermined patterns