Memory Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is the Modal Model of memory?
The Modal Model, proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), describes memory as consisting of sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory, with processes like attention, rehearsal, encoding, and consolidation.
Why do we forget information?
We forget because the information decayed, wasn’t registered, we weren’t paying attention, it wasn’t rehearsed, wasn’t processed deeply, wasn’t encoded, or wasn’t consolidated.
What is the forgetting curve?
The forgetting curve, introduced by Ebbinghaus (1913), shows how memory retention decreases over time due to decay.
What are the components of working memory according to Baddeley & Hitch (1974)?
Working memory consists of the central executive (manager), phonological loop (worker for verbal information), and visuospatial sketchpad (worker for spatial tasks).
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Elaborative rehearsal involves relating information to yourself, linking new concepts to old ones, and creating mental imagery for deeper processing.
What is the primary function of the sensory register in the Modal Model?
a) Long-term storage
b) Capturing information quickly
c) Rehearsal of information
d) Encoding information
b) Capturing information quickly
What type of memory has a large capacity but short duration?
a) Short-term memory
b) Long-term memory
c) Sensory register
d) Working memory
c) Sensory register
What does the central executive in working memory do?
a) Rehearses word lists
b) Manages attention and coordinates tasks
c) Stores long-term memories
d) Processes sensory information
b) Manages attention and coordinates tasks
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Baddeley & Hitch?
a) 5 ± 1 items
b) 7 ± 2 items
c) 10 ± 3 items
d) Unlimited
b) 7 ± 2 items
What is the main reason multitasking affects memory?
a) It increases memory capacity
b) It makes it harder for the brain to process information
c) It improves attention
d) It enhances encoding
b) It makes it harder for the brain to process information
What is the key difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?
a) Maintenance rehearsal involves deeper processing.
b) Elaborative rehearsal links new concepts to old ones.
c) Maintenance rehearsal creates mental imagery.
d) Elaborative rehearsal is used for short-term memory only.
b) Elaborative rehearsal links new concepts to old ones.
What did Craik & Watkins (1973) conclude about rehearsal and memory?
a) More rehearsal always leads to better memory.
b) Rehearsal weight does not always correlate with better memory.
c) Rehearsal is unnecessary for memory.
d) Rehearsal weight improves sensory memory.
b) Rehearsal weight does not always correlate with better memory.
What is the role of encoding in memory?
a) It stores information permanently.
b) It transfers information from sensory register to short-term memory.
c) It processes information deeply for consolidation.
d) It decays information over time.
c) It processes information deeply for consolidation.
What is the term for linking new information to old concepts?
a) Maintenance rehearsal
b) Sensory processing
c) Elaborative rehearsal
d) Decay
c) Elaborative rehearsal
What did Hyde & Jenkins (1969) find about deeper processing?
a) It leads to worse memory recall.
b) It improves memory recall.
c) It has no effect on memory.
d) It only works for sensory memory.
b) It improves memory recall.
What is reconsolidation in memory?
a) Forgetting information over time
b) Re-encoding information after retrieval
c) Storing information in sensory memory
d) Decaying information in short-term memory
Answer: b) Re-encoding information after retrieval
What is the primary cause of poor recall in Sperling’s (1960) experiment?
a) Lack of attention
b) Decay of sensory memory
c) Limited capacity of long-term memory
d) Ineffective rehearsal
Answer: b) Decay of sensory memory
Question: What is the main reason information is forgotten according to the Modal Model?
a) It is stored too deeply.
b) It is not rehearsed or encoded.
c) It is processed too quickly.
d) It is consolidated too slowly.
Answer: b) It is not rehearsed or encoded.
Question: What does the forgetting curve demonstrate?
a) Memory improves over time.
b) Memory retention decreases over time.
c) Memory is unaffected by time.
d) Memory is stored permanently.
Answer: b) Memory retention decreases over time.
What is the role of consolidation in memory?
a) It decays information.
b) It transfers information to long-term memory.
c) It captures sensory information.
d) It reduces memory capacity.
Answer: b) It transfers information to long-term memory
What are the two types of long-term memory?
A: Explicit/Declarative memory (semantic and episodic) and Implicit/Non-declarative memory (procedural, priming, and conditioning).
Q: What is the misinformation effect?
A: The phenomenon where post-event information can alter or distort a person’s memory of the original event
How can photographs create false memories?
A: Photos act as strong cues, especially when combined with plausible events and vivid sensory details, leading individuals to believe false events occurred.
What are effective strategies to improve memory?
A: Pay attention, use elaborative processing, relate information to yourself, link new concepts to old ones, create mental imagery, review notes the same day, get enough sleep, and test yourself.
