Development

Question 1

What are the two main factors that shape behaviour?

Answer 1

Genetics and environment

Environment can influence genetic expression

Question 2

What are gametes?

Answer 2

Sperm and ova with 23 chromosomes each

Question 3

Define genotype.

Answer 3

Inherited genetic code

Question 4

Define phenotype.

Answer 4

Observable traits and behaviour

Question 5

Name two specific brain areas tied to cognitive functions.

Answer 5

• Broca’s area
• Wernicke’s area

Question 6

What is the heritability range for activity levels?

Answer 6

9–57%

Question 7

What is the genetic risk for schizophrenia?

Answer 7

Increases with closeness

Question 8

What are teratogens?

Answer 8

Harmful agents during prenatal development

Question 9

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Answer 9

Causes irreversible brain damage, hyperactivity, and disability

Question 10

Define imprinting.

Answer 10

Attachment to the first moving object during a critical period

Question 11

What was the main finding of Harlow’s monkeys study?

Answer 11

Comfort is more important than food

Question 12

What are the effects of extreme isolation on feral children?

Answer 12

Severe developmental deficits

Question 13

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

Answer 13

• Critical: Narrow window, often irreversible effects
• Sensitive: Broader window, effects modifiable

Question 14

What is the impact of neglect on brain development?

Answer 14

Smaller brain volumes

Question 15

What is the definition of child abuse according to the NZ Ministry of Justice?

Answer 15

Includes psychological, physical, sexual, and neglect

Question 16

What type of abuse involves coercion or unwanted sexual acts before 18?

Answer 16

Sexual abuse

Question 17

What is the child maltreatment death rate of New Zealand compared to Australia?

Answer 17

2× higher than Australia

Question 18

What is Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)?

Answer 18

Brain injury from violent shaking

Question 19

What are the symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome?

Answer 19

• Physical: Bleeding in brain/retina, spinal/rib injuries
• Behavioural: Irritability, feeding issues

Question 20

What are the four factors that affect teratogen impact?

Answer 20

• Timing
• Specificity
• Individual differences
• Dose-response relationship

Question 21

What is the best parenting style for child outcomes?

Answer 21

Authoritative (high warmth + high control)

Question 22

What influences parenting styles?

Answer 22

• Parents’ self-view
• Relationships with own parents
• Life stressors
• Child traits

Question 23

What is the correlation between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment?

Answer 23

Maternal sensitivity correlates with infant attachment

Question 24

What are the two types of language acquisition theories?

Answer 24

• Nativist (Chomsky)
• Behaviorist (Skinner)

Question 25

What is statistical learning in language acquisition?

Answer 25

Learning through regularities in speech

Question 26

What is a gateway drug?

Answer 26

One that increases likelihood of harder drug use

Question 27

What are the risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer 27

* Maternal smoking * Low birth weight * Maori ethnicity

Question 28

What is the impact of bonding after a caesarean section?

Answer 28

C-section mothers show slightly less brain activity in response to baby cries