Development

Question 1

Maturation

Answer 1

Biologically timed changes within an individual determined by environmental factors

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

Development of thought, behavior, and feelings through experiences. Permanent changes.

Question 3

Interactionist’s Perspective

Answer 3

Belief that development reflects interaction between learning and maturation

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

Subject repeatedly presented stimulus and monitored physiological response

Question 5

Dishabituation

Answer 5

Change in stimulus increases response

Question 6

Event-related Potential

Answer 6

Electrical activity measured in presence of stimuli

Question 7

High-amplitude Sucking Method

Answer 7

Infant sucks on a soother at a measured base rate and then can suck on soother if it likes the music presented or stop sucking if it doesn’t

Question 8

Preference Method

Answer 8

Presented 2 stimuli and see which one it prefers to look at

Question 9

Competence-performance distinction

Answer 9

If it fails task it may not be because it is lacking the cognitive ability, but because it is incapable of demonstrating those abilities

Question 10

Longitudinal Measurements

Answer 10

Repeatedly measure the same individual at various ages

Question 11

Longitudinal Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 11

Advantages: Allows researchers to assess developmental changes

Disadvantages: Expensive and time consuming

Question 12

Selective Attrition

Answer 12

Loss of participants so study cannot reflect population as a whole

Question 13

Practice Effects

Answer 13

Changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing

Question 14

Cross-sectional Design

Answer 14

Compares individuals from many age groups at one time point

Question 15

Cross-sectional Design Advantages and Disadvantages

Answer 15

Advantages: can uncover age differences and less time consuming

Disadvantages: Does not express development throughout an individual’s lifespan

Question 16

Zygote

Answer 16

cell formed by sperm and egg

Question 17

Chromosomes

Answer 17

human genes, 23 given from each parent to child

Question 18

Monozygotic twins

Answer 18

Identical twins. Both come from one zygote which splits into two

Question 19

Dizygotic twins

Answer 19

Two different zygotes conceived at the same time

Question 20

Autosomes

Answer 20

chromosomes that are similar in males and females

Question 21

Sex chromosome

Answer 21

Father passes on X (girl) or Y (boy) chromosomes

Question 22

Genotype

Answer 22

an individual’s inherited genes

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

Characteristics

Question 24

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 24

When phenotype determined by multiple genes

Question 25

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Answer 25

Dominant and recessive alleles

Question 26

Codominance

Answer 26

A phenotype is equally expressed as a compromise by two genes i.e. blood type

Question 27

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Answer 27

Genes expressed on X chromosome. Sex-linked disorders less common in females.

Question 28

Behaviourist Perspective

Answer 28

Behaviour is a product of environment

Question 29

Genetic Perspective

Answer 29

Behaviour is a product of environment

Question 30

Canalization Principle

Answer 30

Genotype restricts phenotype to a smaller number of possible outcomes

Question 31

Babbling

Answer 31

All infants follow same developmental sequence of babbling, regardless of environment

Question 32

Range of Reaction Principle

Answer 32

Our genotype establishes range of possible phenotypes whose expression is dependent on environmental condition

Question 33

Passive Correlations

Answer 33

Environment that parents choose to raise their child in influenced by parent's genes and will therefore likely mesh with the child. Most influential early in life

Question 34

Evocative Correlations

Answer 34

The traits inherited affect how others react and behave towards you. Always influential

Question 35

Active correlation

Answer 35

Genotype influences environment you will seek. Most influential later in life

Question 36

Twin studies on contribution of genes and the environment

Answer 36

Identical twins express more similar traits behaviourally than fraternal meaning genes play a larger role