Development Flashcards
Learn how developed a country is based on their wealth etc. (37 cards)
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
*A measure of wealth. It is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
It can be measured per capita (per person) or in PPP (purchasing power parity - this shows how much $1 would buy in a country).
Poverty Line
The minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs - the World Bank uses $1.25 per person per day.
HDI (Human Development Index)
A measure made up of four development indicators (composite indicator) - life expectency, literacy rate, average length of schooling and GDP per capita (PPP). It gives a rank from 0-1, the higher the better.
Access to safe drinking water
The percentage of the population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km.
Literacy rate
The percentage of the population, aged over 15, who can read and write.
CPI (Corruption Perception Index)
A measure of how corrupt (dishonest) a government is. It gives a rank from 0 (corrupt) to 10 (honest). It helps companies work out how safe their money would be if it was invested in a country. Corrupt governments sometimes spend money to bribe officials or buy weapons.
Demography
Factors relating to a country’s population.
Birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 people per year.
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
Dependency ratio
*The proportion of people below or above normal working age (under 15 and over 65).
It is calculated like this: number of dependents ÷ number of workers x 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.
Infant mortality
The number of children per 1000 who die before they are one.
Fertility rate
The average number of births per woman.
Life expectency
The average number of years a person can expect to live.
Maternal mortality
The number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.
Level of development
A country’s wealth and its social and political progress.
Population pyramid
Show population structure:the number of each sex in each age group.
The Brandt line
Shows the high income countries in the global north and low income countries in the global South. The inequalities between HICs and LICs became known as the ‘North-South divide’ or Development gap.
Champagne glass model
The world’s wealth ($78 trillion) is shared unequally. The top quintile (GDP rank 1-46) own nearly 83% of the world’s wealth whereas the bottom two quintiles (GDP rank 185-230) own just over 3%.
Colonialism
Taking control of another country and occupying it with settlers.
Empire
A group of countries ruled over by a single monarch or country.
Colony
A country or region under the political control of another country and occupied by settlers of that country.
Neo-colonialism (new colonialism)
The dominance of poor countries by rich countries by economic power and influence.
Modernisation Theory - Walt Rostow
Rostow based his theory on what had happened in many European countries. He used his theory to explain the development gap; countries were just at different stages but would catch up if they ‘modernised’.
Criticism - the arrows move in one direction which is wrong because countries can reverse.
Dependency theory - Andre Frank
Frank believed that some countries were trapped in stage 1 and 2 of Rostow’s model by wealthy developed countries.He argued that colonialism was a major cause of poverty. The economic core had become rich by exploiting resources in the economic periphery. Today neo-colonialism has a similar impact.
Criticism - they base their theories on received notions such as nation-state, capitalism and industrialisation.
