development across cultures

Question 1

what are assumptions in developmental psychology?

Answer 1

development has a specific, universal timeline

development follows a consistent procedure, regardless of external factors

methods used to study development are appropriate across different cultures

Question 2

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 2

evaluating other cultures according to standards of one’s own culture

Question 3

how is there bias in who does the research?

Answer 3

experimenters ask research questions relevant to their own cultural experience

Question 4

how is there bias in who participates in research?

Answer 4

theories are only confirmed by participants sharing the same cultural experience

Question 5

what does Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model consist of?

Answer 5

child
microsystem= direct contact with child
mesosystem= individual microsystems interact
exosystem= extended family and neighbours
macrosystem= attitudes and ideologies of culture
chronosystem= environmental changes occuring over the life course

Question 6

what does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 6

western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic

Question 7

what is culture?

Answer 7

the social behaviour and norms of human society

Question 8

what are the foundations of culture?

Answer 8

stable across time
vary across communities
cumulative
shaped by social learning

Question 9

how do children learn about culture?

Answer 9

social learning:
-emotion learning
-natural pedagogy
-questioning
-high fidelity imitation

Question 10

what is imitation?

Answer 10

learn to do an act from seeing it done

Question 11

what is mimicry?

Answer 11

person unintentionally imitates another person

Question 12

what is high fidelity imitation?

Answer 12

copying another person’s action, despite it being visibly unnecessary

Question 13

how is overimitation demonstrated experimentally?

Answer 13

series of necessary and unnecessary actions demonstrated on transparent and opaque puzzle boxes
children copied everything in both opaque and transparent conditions
can sometimes be more important to learn social convention than causality

Question 14

how is imitation shown to be a global phenomenon?

Answer 14

children/adults engage in overimitation in the ‘wild’
demonstrated in many counties around the world, including in indigenous groups

Question 15

what are three ways in which culture impacts social development?

Answer 15

ownership reasoning
‘norms’ around sharing
sharing and family structure

Question 16

what is ownership reasoning?

Answer 16

how we relate to material possessions
ownership develops around 2 years of age

Question 17

how was ownership and reasoning investigated?

Answer 17

3-5 year old children from different socio-cultural environments

told a story about 2 dolls who walk together and end up fighting for possession of an object

by age 5- attributed ownership in creation and familiarity conditions
children from USA and China more likely to assign ownership to poor puppet

Question 18

how were fairness norms investigated?

Answer 18

children played in pairs
sweets distributed on apparatus
actor chooses to accept or reject distribution (rejecting= none for anyone)

low levels of rejection for fair offers
as children get older, tend to reject unfair offers where they are disadvantaged
Mexican, Chinese etc unlikely to reject unfair advantaging them

Question 19

how was sharing investigated?

Answer 19

7/8 year old Indian children participated in an interview aimed to promote independence or interdependence

took part in a sharing game, where they could choose between taking two for themselves, or equally dividing resources

independence priming= chose selfish option more frequently
interdependence priming= only more prosocial if child part of extended family
family level variables more important that country variable