Development And Resource Issues Flashcards

Question

What is aid ?

Answer 1

-assistance given from one country to another -money, equipment, training or loans -foreign aid from the government or NGOs

Answer 2

-BILATERAL AID- country receiving the aid must spend the money on goods and services from the country providing it -MULTILATERAL AID- HIC donate money through organisations such as the UN and world bank -SHORT TERM EMERGENCY AID- provides immediate support during or after disasters- food, medicines and tents -LONG TERM AID- education for young people, continuous programme to improve standards of living -DEBT ABOLITION- when richer countries cancel debt owed to them by poorer countries -NON GOVERNMENTAL AID- aid provided via charities

Answer 3

-more than 17 million Kenya’s don’t have access to clean water -more than 10,000 children die every year from illness like diarrhoea and malaria

Answer 4

-Christian aid worked to provide clean and safe water supplies -system of drains- remove waste from slums and prevent flooding which is a big problem in rainy season -sanitation block- partly funded by local government, toilets showers and water -local people have been employed to maintain the toilets and showers The positing outcomes of this are= -fewer illness have been reported since drains installed -clean drinking water has improved health -attitudes have changed towards health and sanitation

Answer 5

-2012 they received $2654 million in foreign aid -intended for building and infrastructure improvements, funding education programmes -sending experts like doctors to help set up projects -provide basic provisions following a disaster

Answer 6

-since 1980s trading has increased -able to trade relatively freely -its being questioned this is actually fair

Answer 7

-flower industry grown rapidly and are sold -due to effective growing there’s often a surplus of flowers available for export -leads to drop in value and puts farmers out of business -WTO laws prevents Kenya farmers from acquiring subsidies which makes it worse

Answer 8

-fair trade agreement with British super markets like Sainsbury’s -some Kenyan farmers are now fair trade producers -fair trade certified farms must ensure safety and working conditions for employees -also they’re guaranteed work and fair prices for their goods unlike freetrade

Answer 9

A location that has more water than required

Answer 10

A place that has less water than required

Answer 11

-EQUATOR- enough water as air rises which causes high levels of rainfall -NORTH OF EQUATOR- water scarcity as air falls here and so its very dry -SOUTH OF EQUATOR- water scarcity, less severe than north -however there are some exceptions including areas with high population densities or counties in poverty

Answer 12

-RISING POPULATION- hygiene, cooking and cleaning, water makes up at least 60% of persons body -ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- people in wealthier countries have water delivered to their homes via pipes for dishwashers etc, agriculture, tourism, the water footprints of HICs are much higher than LIC

Answer 13

-total volume of water consumed and polluted for the production of the goods and services used by the consumer

Answer 14

-irrigated crops use a lot of the freshwater supplies in the region -rising temperatures and a growing population also contribute -drought had lowered groundwater levels which causes problems including= ecosystem damage, wildfires, subsidence (fall in the level of the land) which damages properties

Answer 15

-climate -geology- some rocks are more permeable -pollution- some is unsafe to use -poverty- nearly 1 billion people in Africa do not have access to clean water -politics -lack of clean piped water- many girls in Africa spend hours walking to collect water instead of attending school -waterborne disease- drinking dirty water causes diseases like malaria -food production- places that do not have enough money to irrigate have less food to eat -conflicts

Answer 16

-DAMS AND RESERVOIRS- dams block rivers so that water builds up behind and this provides large supplies of drinking water all year round, also prevent flooding, also generate hydroelectric power, over 600 damns in Africa -WATER TRANSFERS- when a country has surplus in one area and shortage in another supplies can be transferred, reservoirs collect and store water in areas of high rainfall, pipes transport the water to other areas in the country, in wales water is often transferred to parts f English -DESALINATION PLANTS- it’s not possible to drink sea water containing salts and so they remove the salt water and make it safe to drink it. This could solve water shortages all over the world but its too expensive

Answer 17

-in Northumberland and is an example of a water transfer scheme -kindler is located in a highland area and so it receives lots of rain, this water is transported southwards and releases in cities like Newcastle and Durham

Answer 18

-electricity generated through hydroelectric power- reliable and clean energy source -reduced water insecurity in the north east -tourism at kielder has creates jobs and generated income

Answer 19

-breeding patters of fish have been disrupted through the dam which blocks the river -few pebbles travel downstream which impacts on habitats -farmland and many habitats were lost when the land behind dam flooded

Answer 20

-dual flush toilers require less water -having water meters installed to measure amounts of water being used so they can be charged accordingly which encourages people to use less water -fixing leaking pipes immediately

Answer 21

-ground water is at risk from over abstraction (extracting too much water) and pollution -ing the UK the government has designed protection zones, mapping the flow of groundwater supplies and soil and rock types

Answer 22

-grey water is water that is not used (used previously or rainwater) -using grey water is good for process that do not require clean water like flushing the toilet -collecting rainwater to use to water gardens (rainwater harvesting is collecting this water)

Answer 23

-Tanzania is an LIC in Africa, 14 million people have no access to safe water, the lack of toilet facilities allows bacteria to enter water used for drinking which causes diarrhoea (kills over 7000 children per year in Tanzania) -the Mtumba approach aims to build toilets for the villagers, charity water aid provide training for the locals on how to build their own toilers, decisions are made by the community, water aid also educates people about toilet hygiene like handwashing

Answer 24

-villagers become ill less often which means they can work- making clothes -government support has helped people understand the need for toilets so theyre more likely to accept water aid offer -around 42,000 people have benefitted -the Mtumba approach is being used in other Tanzanian villages

Answer 25

-divided world into rich north and poor south- shows development gap -visually clear to see the divide -outdated- 30 years old -many countries are now becoming NICs

Answer 26

-Too simplistic to divide world into rich and poor -countries can move up and down -world bank divides countries into 4 categories based on their GNI per person HIC UMIC LMIC LIC

Answer 27

-in 1990 United Nations replaced GNP as their measure of development with the HDI -measures 3 variables= life expectancy(health), adult literacy(education) and GNP (standard of living) -it helps to measure differences within a country -highlight where poverty is at its worse -help a country to set targets that can lead to an improvement -the UN does not believe that wealth alone measures a countries development

Answer 28

-gross domestic product -total value of all goods and services in a country

Answer 29

-gross national income per capita -average wage of a person in a country

Answer 30

-the amount of people earning less than $1.90 a day -employment structure (the type of jobs people do) can also help measure development

Answer 31

Limits on the amount of goods imported

Answer 32

Grants or money given to farmers to allow them to continue to produce a product

Answer 33

-HICs export valuable manufactured goods- cars, electronics etc. -import cheaper primary products from LICs- sugar, flowers and tea -in LICs the opposite is true -LICs earn little and remain in poverty and is forced to borrow money to pay for its imports and country goes into debt -LICs dependant on world trade system yet have little control -sometimes HICs impose tariffs and quotas on imported goods and give subsidies to their own farmers

Answer 34

-partnerships made between countries for trade -they allow free trade between a country with no taxes on imports -EU is an example -

Answer 35

-the UN is supported by 192 countries -2015- set 17 sustainable development goals to be reached by 2030 -improving education -access to water -reducing hunger and poverty

Answer 36

-countries are becoming increasingly dependent on one another -improved transport and technology -growth of multinational companies -political cooperation- world trade organisation -trading blocks

Answer 37

-when person voluntarily visits a place away from home for more than 24hrs -9% of all jobs in the world are in tourism -tertiary service -mass tourism began in the 1960s this is due to -higher life expectancy- more retired people travelling -more disposable income -modern aircraft -holiday companies -internet -stable government

Answer 38

Pay one price for their travel, accommodation, food drinks, congregate to one geographical area

Answer 39

-host country doesn’t earn any direct income from tourist spending -spend less money in local area so less money goes to local economy -the money is then leaked back to MNCs that own airline companies, hotel chains -many tourist related activities like beach massager are informal jobs- cash in hand and not declared for tax

Answer 40

-new hotels set up, new jobs in hotel, local businesses supply goods -more jobs created indirectly, workers pay taxes and spend wages in economy -area becomes popular and more investment from other companies -taxes are spent on improving the areas infrastructure, health etc.

Answer 41

-between England is considered richer than the rest of the uk -reasons for this divide include= -research and development spending- in 2010 was £3.6 billion in southeast, £0.3 billion in north east -south is more educated workforce with higher paid jobs- science, technology etc. -London is a global centre for banking and finance -southeast has many motorway networks -south home to major airports -norths steel industry -THIS HAS CONSEQUENCES FOR NORTH

Answer 42

-located across 6 sites along M1 motorway -London 90mins by train -aims to reduce inequalities within the uk

Answer 43

-until the 1980s it was an important to steel industry -120,000 lost their jobs during the decline -Sheffield had to economically diversify creating new jobs in retail and business services

Answer 44

Provide tax breaks, government support and incentives to attract new businesses to prime locations and create jobs and economic growth

Answer 45

-government is giving power to local councils in the north -improvement of transport links like High speed 2 train which connects London with Birmingham and eventually cities in north like Manchester and Sheffield, better transport links attracts new investment -relocation of some businesses and organisations, for example bbc moved many of its offices to Manchester in 2011, since then the multiplier effect has lead to other companies locating close by including holiday inn hotel chain

Answer 46

-Lesotho is a landlocked country in south of Africa -similar rainfall to mid wales -country is poor and has been able to sell excess to water to south Africa where population is higher and rainfall lower -83% of people have access to safe and reliable fresh water and so it’s helpful -40% of the water in the Lesotho highland is transported to two main reservoirs via pipelines and then to the river vall a drier part of South Africa -the LHWP transfers 24.6 m cubed of water per second to South Africa

Answer 47

Strengths -Lesotho gains 75% of its income from selling water to South Africa -20,000 jobs were created from dam building -new roads constructed to make rural highlands more accessible -water access in SA has risen by 4% Weakness -many people in Lesotho don’t have access to clean water -20,000 people lost their homes as their rural farmland was flooded -compensation for losing their homes has never paid SUSTAINABLE- jobs and income NOT SUSTAINABLE- rural communities have higher hiv and alcoholism due to increased population from workers, lost homes, many Lesotho don’t have water