Social Development Flashcards
(27 cards)
How is social development measured ?
-economic indicators don’t reflect standard of living- social development important
-SD measures how living standards are improving
-SD can be measured in
GENDER
-equal rights for men and women (gender inequality index)
-fertility- average births to a women in her lifetime
HEALTH
-infant mortality rate
-life expectancy
-daily calorie intake
-population per doctors
HDI
Where has the biggest improvement in life expectancy been ?
LICS
-Cambodia 54yrs (1980) to 68yrs (2015)
Why are the causes of death changing ?
-because the population is aging
-deaths in LICs with low life expectancies tend to be caused by infectious diseases like malaria and conditions caused by dirty water diarrhoea
-deaths in HICs most commonly by diet and lifestyle - heart disease and cancer- these kind of illnesses account for over 80% of deaths
What is the continuum of social development ?
-degree of development on a sliding scale
What factors lead to change in birth rates ?
HIGHER
-children provide labor on farms
-large families are seen as a sign of virility
-girls may marry early and extend their child bearing years
-women may lack education and stay at home to raise family rather than work
LOWER
-people marrying later and therefore have reduced child bearing years
-women are educated and follow careers which delay them from starting families
-the cost of living means it’s expensive to raise kids
-couples prefer to spend money on material things
-birth control
What factors lead to changing death rates ?
HIGHER
-diseases like aids and malaria
-in HICs proportion of elderly people in aging societies is leading to increase in death rates
LOWER
-better healthcare and vaccination programmes
-less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically
-people are educated about health and hygiene
-water supplies are cleaner
-more sanitary disposable of waste
Whats child labour ?
-work that deprives children of their childhood, potential and dignity
-there’s currently 168 million child workers, many work on farms to produce products like cotton and coffee
-sub Saharan Africa has the highest amount of child labourers
-poverty, unemployed parents, lack of education, aids has led to the growth in number of orphans
-children trapped in slavery, trafficking and prostitution, deprived of right to education, damaging effects on health like malnutrition
Why is it difficult to tackle child labour ?
-large numbers of countries involved and range of reasons for it
-improving access to education to break cycle
-creating more trade unions to prevent and protect children
-improving social security system so the poorest are supported rather than relying on their children
-increasing public awareness of child labour and changing peoples attitudes
-the UN has passed a number of laws on the issue of child labour including minimum age for employment
What are the challenges relating to primary education ?
-millennium development goal 2 was set by in to half the number of children missing from primary education by 2015
-in countries like India many women are uneducated resulting in
-children of an uneducated mother are twice as likely to die of one than those who have a mother with full education
-women who are well educated tend to marry later and have smaller families
-education empowers women
In India what are the challenges in reducing child labour and extending primary education ?
-2011 there was 4.35 million child labourers
-62% of children who don’t attend school are schools
WHY GIRLS ARE POOR SCHOOL ATTENDERS
-poor quality school buildings, too far or too expensive
-attitudes towards women in society- oppressive
-many girls expected to marry young through arranged marriages
-the fear of sexual harassment of girls brings dishonour to girls family
CONSEQUENCES
-poor prospects of being able to live independently later in life
-higher rate of infant mortality to uneducated mothers who don’t seek help
-larger family sizes which keep women in home
STRATEGIES
-empowering communities
-locating schools in more accessible areas
-child labour acts makes it a criminal offence to employ children in 64 hazardous industries
What are economic migrants ?
People who move with the hope of earning more money elsewhere
What are asylum seekers ?
People who have applied for legal recognition as refugees and are waiting for a decision
What are international refugees ?
People who are forced to leave where they live to another country
What’s the Schengen Agreement ?
An EU agreement whereby boarders checks between some states have been removed to allow easier movement within Europe
What are the reasons for international refugees and asylum seekers ?
-refugees trying to enter Europe tend to be from Africa, Middle East and South Asia
-Lebanon is a country of 4.4 million and has taken in 1.1 million Syrians, 500,00 Palestine’s and 6000 Iraqis and this has lead to
-population of Lebanon growing by 25%- puts pressure on resources
-does not have a political support or funding to help
-Lebanese government has asked for $449 million internationally
-squatter settlements
-limited access to clean water and sanitation causes cholera
-many refugee children miss out on schooling
How can the issue of refugees be tackled ?
-national governments in Europe have tried to reduce mass migration of refugees in a variety of ways=
-Germany and Sweden see refugees as victims and have welcomed them to be integrated in society
-Austria is trying to limit the numbers to 80 a day
-uk has agreed to accept 20,000 refugees from Syria by 2020
-in Europe there are agreements involving movement across counties- for example the Schengen Agreement
-enables passport free movement between countries that have signed the agreement
-the uk has not signed this agreement and this had lead to increase of illegal migrants trying to get into country by illegally stowing away in lorries
-this has lead to slum areas developing in Calais known as the jungle where migrants live whilst attempting to fid route to the uk
What changes have been made in Europe in response to illegal migrants from Africa and Asia ?
-2016 boarder controls were temporality introduced in 7 Schengen countries including Austria and Denmark
-an eu naval operation, operation Sophia was put in place to monitor the Mediterranean Sea to prevent human smuggling and trafficking
-EU members agreed to provide task forces of national experts and support teams to work in hotspots like Italy and Greece to expedite refugee screening
What are the reasons for high infant mortality rates in sub Saharan Africa ?
-highest infant mortality rates in the world
-in 2015 there’s 86 deaths per 1000 live births
-poorest area in the world
-cannot afford good medical care
-neonatal infections
-around 10% of deaths in early child hood are due to diarrhoea
-lack of skilled birth attendants so many babies die in first 24 hours
-lack of vaccinations and mosquito nets to prevent diseases
-two of the most common killers in sub Saharan Africa is malaria and HIV
Why are people poor in sub Saharan Africa ?
-people work in primary industries like farming or mining making very little money
-rural areas remote and poor
-urban areas over crowded with shanty towns on the edge of cities
-in Malawi birth rate is very high and there’s a large youthful population, little birth control available and children are needed to support their families
What is malaria ?
Caused by an infected mosquito and it thrives in area of high temperatures and stagnant water
Every 30 seconds a child in Africa dies from a malaria infection
What challenges does malaria make in sub Saharan Africa ?
-land locked country
-lake Malawi covers a third of its area
-average life expectancy 50 years
-more than 80% of population live in rural areas
-highest rates of infection found around lake Malawi due to warm stagnant water- disease worse in wet season
-infections rate higher in rural areas
-mosquitoes are becoming resistant to insecticides and doctors are far away from remote villages
What are the government strategies to combat malaria ?
-increase the use of insecticide treated bed nets- ITNs which cost around £3
-improve access to fast and effective treatment so early symptoms managed
-indoor residual spraying -IRS which involves spraying insecticides in places where mosquitoes are more likely to come in contact with people
Whats HIV?
-human immunodeficiency virus attacks the bodies immune system, and weakens its ability to fight infections if left untreated it may turn to AIDS
