Development Lecture 8 Flashcards
What are some ways to intervene for prenatal stress?
Mindfulness, psychoeducation, CBT, counseling
What did a study investigation prenatal stress find?
There was a 12 week course to help women with CBT.
–> The results were that there was lower cortisol in both the infant and the mother
–> But, higher reported stress in mothers
What are three types of interventions/prevention?
Indicated, Selective and Universal
Indicated
Focuses on mothers who display symptoms but dont fulfill the criteria for a full-blown disorder
Selective
Focuses on mothers who are high risk for developing a disorder
Universal
Focuses on everyone
What % of fathers report sympotoms of depression?
10-14%
What did Van den Boom 1994 study look at?
–> It was an intervention for lower class mothers with irritable babies.
–> They hypothesis was that difficult babies led to a decreased mother-infant interaction which leads to an insecure attachment and development
–> Can these negative outcomes be prevented
–> When should intervention happen? and what aspects of maternal behaviour should be improved
What were the risks in the Van den Boom study?
Being in a low class family and having an irritable baby.
How do mothers with less resources compare to those with more?
They may respond in a less sensitive way to a child high in negativity compared to richer mother but more research is needed
What did the pilot study for van den boom find?
That a negative spiral began after about 6 months
–> There was a lot of negative interactions but a lack of positive interactions
How did she make her intervention study? (Van den Boom)
100 irritable kids with lower-class mothers
–> 50 intervention and 50 control
–> The intervention 6-9 months with three home visits
–> The negative spiral began at 6 months
–> They did not do the strange situation test as this is only at 12 months of age and only did mother-infant interaction
What was the aim of the study?
To improve maternal sensitivity
–> Awareness of the signals
–> An accurate interpretation of them
(Train the mother’s attention, imitate, repeat, and wait)
–> An appropriate response to them
–> A prompt response to them
(Suggest responses and feedback effectiveness)
–> They also tried to foster positive interactions (play)
What were the effects of the intervention study?
At 9 months the mother was
–> More sensitive and showed more positive attention
–> The child had less negative behavior
–> More positive behavior
–> More self-soothing (self-regulation)
–> More exploration
What % of kids were insecurely attached in the control and intervention
Control –> 78%
Intervention –> 38%
What did the study show?
That less is more as it was low intensive and large effects
What’s the best intervention after multiple studies?
A moderate number of sessions
–> Clear-cut behavioral focus
–> Started 6 months after birth or later
Why was the Van den Boom have such a large effect size
Differential Susceptibility as all the babies were irritable
What % of new mothers have depression?
10-15%
What did Van Daesum 2008 look at ?
They looked at intervening with PDD mothers with video feedback training with infants ages 1-12 months
–> They randomly assigned 8-10 home visits
–> Each visit was 60-90 mins
–> The father was stimulated to support the mother
How did they tailor the training for the mothers with PDD (2008)
–Modeling (changing ways of interacting such as ways of holding the baby etc)
–> Cognitive restructuring (change the negative way of thinking)
–> Practical pedological support (sleeping and crying)
What were the results of the PDD 2008 study?
–> Mother infant interaction improved
–> Attachment security went up
–> Infant socio-emotional functioning went up too
Do the effects last?
There was no long lasting effects
–> The only difference was that if there was a stressful life situation, the intervention group was better equipped to deal with the problem
–> One issue was that the mothers that improved most, did not go back for the follow up study the most.
What was the prevalance of male PDD
7-9%
