Development of Emotion

Question 1

what do children communication through emotional expression?

Answer 1

feelings, needs and desires - which therefore influence other people’s behaviours

Question 2

what are emotions?

Answer 2

subjective reaction to something in the environment. usually comes with physiological arousal. often communicated through expression or action. pleasant or unpleasant.

Question 3

why are emotions important - specifically for children?

Answer 3

let other people know how they feel; window into children’s likes and dislikes; linked to social and school success; help us adapt to our environment

Question 4

what does emotion knowledge at age 5 predict?

Answer 4

social skills and academic competence age 9 after controlling for gender, verbal ability and temperament (Izard, Fine, Schultz, Mostow, Ackerman & Youngstrom)

Question 5

describe emotional expression at birth

Answer 5

positive (content) and negative (distress) emotions become more differentiated

Question 6

describe emotional expression from 1 month old

Answer 6

can show joy, fear, anger, surprise and sadness. possibly disgust and contempt

Question 7

what are the primary emotions (and who termed them as such)

Answer 7

joy, sadness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, love - Schwarts, Kirson & O’Connor, 1987

Question 8

how can we determine emotions in infants?

Answer 8

facial expressions provide important clues about which emotion the child is experiencing

Question 9

give an example of a study showing how we can determine emotions in infants

Answer 9

mothers can distinguish several emotions displayed by infants in the first few months of life - Campos et al, 1983

Question 10

type 1 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 10

simple cause and effect

Question 11

type 2 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 11

mentalistic

Question 12

type 3 in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 12

reflecitve

Question 13

components of simple cause and effect in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 13

recognition, reminder, eternal cause

Question 14

components of mentalistic in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 14

belief, desire, hiding

Question 15

components of reflective in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 15

morality, regulation, mixed

Question 16

age for simple cause and effect in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 16

3-5

Question 17

age for mentalistic in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 17

5-7

Question 18

age for reflective in the sequence of emotion understanding (TEC)

Answer 18

7-9

Question 19

give an example of a ‘recognising faces’ question

Answer 19

which is happy?

Question 20

give an example of an ‘external causes’ question

Answer 20

this boy is trying to draw a picture and his brother won’t let him. how does he feel?

Question 21

give an example of a ‘reminiscence’ question

Answer 21

how does the girl feel when asked to think about her turtle who just died?

Question 22

give an example of a mentalistic, hidden emotions study

Answer 22

Joshi & MacLean (1994). Meena’s granddad gave her a chocolate and she doesn’t want her mum to know she’s had chocolate or she won’t get more. how does mean feel, and how does she try to look when her mum comes in?

Question 23

give an example of a desire study

Answer 23

Harris and colleagues, 1989. ellie the elephants wants a drink, but she only likes coke/milk. how does she feel then she gets coke/milk. 3-5 year olds said she would be happy if she got what she wanted. 5yr olds more likely to differentiate whether animal got what they wanted or not

Question 24

what is theory of mind?

Answer 24

children’s understanding that people have mental states such as thoughts, beliefs, and desires that affect their behaviour. it allows children to get beyond peoples observable actions and appearances and respond to their unseen states.

Question 25

give an example of a false belief task

Answer 25

maxi puts his chocolate in the kitchen and leaves the room. when he's away, his mother moves the chocolate from the cupboard to a drawer. where will he look for his chocolate?

Question 26

what generally happens in studies of emotions based on false belief?

Answer 26

typically children are more successful in answering belief than strong emotion questions. eg. little red riding hood stories - who will answer the door? how will little red riding hood feel?

Question 27

give an example of a mentalistic emotions study

Answer 27

Avis & Harris, 1991. experimenter says 'look at these tasty kernels I've got.' then leaves. child and experimenter 2 move them. where will he look? before he lifts the lid, how will he feel? after he lifts the lid, how will he feel?

Question 28

give an example of a study showing self versus others' false-belief emotions

Answer 28

Bender, Pons, Harris & deRosnay, 2011. asked about unexpected contents task (smarties) for self and others. both age groups understood beliefs better than emotion, and did better on self than other.

Question 29

give 3 examples of reflective emotions

Answer 29

ambivalent emotions, regulation, moral emotions

Question 30

give an example of a study on ambivalent emotions

Answer 30

Harris, 1983. can you feel two emotions at the same time? 5-7 deny, 10-11 accept. 10 because you haven't got two heads/can't make your face go up and down at the same time. if yes, some part of his body is happy and some part is sad.

Question 31

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 4-6yr olds believe?

Answer 31

one emotion at a time

Question 32

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 6-8yr olds believe?

Answer 32

two emotions of the same type

Question 33

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 8-9 yrs olds beleive

Answer 33

two distinct emotions in response to different situations at the same time

Question 34

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 10 yr olds believe

Answer 34

two opposing feelings when the events are different or there are different aspects of the same situation

Question 35

multiple emotions (Harter & Buddin, 1987) - what do 11-12 yr olds believe

Answer 35

same event causing opposing feelings

Question 36

give an example of a study looking at regulation

Answer 36

Salas, Pons & Molina, 2014. 3,4,5, and 6 yr olds. told to complete stories. then looked at the different strategies - behaviour strategy, social support, attentional deployment and cognitive reappraisal. older children had more cognitive reappraisal, more strategies and more valid strategies

Question 37

what impact do parents have on children's emotion? and name the researcher.

Answer 37

Morris et al, 2007. model emotion behaviours. develop the emotional climate in the family. specific behaviours, such as conversations and coaching and dismissing

Question 38

what is the impact of mothers having social phobia on children?

Answer 38

25% develop it too. no difference for 10 month old infants, but infants of mothers with SP increased in social avoidance when interacting with stranger compared to comparison mothers

Question 39

how does Fivush (2007) argue that parents help their children learn about emotions?

Answer 39

by reminiscing with them about shared past emotional experiences

Question 40

children whose mothers discuss feelings more are better able to...

Answer 40

recognise others' emotions and have better emotional regulation (Dunn, 2004)

Question 41

children whose mothers use more emotion questions have a better...

Answer 41

understanding of emotion causes (Denham & Auerbach, 1995)

Question 42

mothers' use of emotion language predicts ability to...

Answer 42

label emotions (Denham & Auerbach, 1995)

Question 43

what were the two parts of the conversation and emotion understanding study by Aznar &T Tenenbaum (2013)

Answer 43

reminiscence and play

Question 44

what predicts increases in children's emotional understanding from 4-6 yrs?

Answer 44

Karstad and colleagues, 2015. parents' mentalisation scores; child social skills (rated by teachers); verbal skills. NO EFFECT of emotional availability or gender.

Question 45

what is the evidence that conversations aid emotion understanding?

Answer 45

children may talk themselves to understanding (deRosnay & Hughes, 2006).

Question 46

example of a self-summary question

Answer 46

how high did charlie climb?

Question 47

example of a self-explanation question

Answer 47

why is charlie laughing instead of crying?

Question 48

example of an experimenter-explanation

Answer 48

charlie laughs instead of cries so that his classmates won't know how bad his knee feels