Learning

Question 1

describe the social context for Vygotsky’s research

Answer 1

USSR had absorbed people from many different places. needed a way to educate them. focused on people in context to understand them

Question 2

what were the 3 main areas of Vygotsky’s research

Answer 2

culture: person in context. ZPD. language.

Question 3

what did Vygotsky want? (quote)

Answer 3

a ‘total restructuring of psychological research and theory’

Question 4

what is culture?

Answer 4

a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts, conscious and unconscious, transmitted across generations through learning

Question 5

describe the “cultural influence” view

Answer 5

derived from traditional psychology. individuals are till the primary unit of analysis. the influence of culture on individuals become a focus of research

Question 6

describe the sociocultural theory

Answer 6

development is product of social and cultural experiences. emphasises importance of cultural variation in development. social constructionist approach

Question 7

describe the social constructionist approach

Answer 7

children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. ways of thinking develop mostly through social interaction. connive development depends on tools provided by society. minds shaped by cultural context

Question 8

what is the ZPD?

Answer 8

distance between child’s actual developmental level (independent problem solving) and the potential development (problem solving with adult or peer help)

Question 9

within the ZPD theory, what is there a distinction between?

Answer 9

level of independent performance and level of assisted performance

Question 10

what is level 1 of scaffolding?

Answer 10

general. eg. can you make another?

Question 11

what is level 2 of scaffolding?

Answer 11

specific verbal instruction. eg. can you find a large one?

Question 12

what is level 3 of scaffolding?

Answer 12

mother indicates material. eg. you need that one

Question 13

what is level 4 of scaffolding?

Answer 13

mother provides material and indicates for assembly

Question 14

what is level 5 of scaffolding?

Answer 14

mother demonstrates

Question 15

how did Vygotsky say children’s speech develops?

Answer 15

socialised -> egocentric -> inner

Question 16

what did Vygotsky say the primary function of language was?

Answer 16

communication

Question 17

what did Vygotsky say increases egocentric speech?

Answer 17

frustrations and difficulties

Question 18

what did Vygotsky say was the function of egocentric speech?

Answer 18

guides children in understanding situations, finding solutions, or planning

Question 19

what were Vygotsky’s conclusion about egocentric speech?

Answer 19

child does not believe that others can understand. represents transition from speech for others to speech for oneself. independent from social speech, but is not yet felt as inner speech

Question 20

what does private speech increase with and according to who?

Answer 20

task difficulty. Duncan and Pratt (1997).

Question 21

how did Piaget say children’s speech develops?

Answer 21

autistic (no speech) -> syncretistic (egocentric speech) -> intellectual (social speech)

Question 22

describe speech during the preoperational stage

Answer 22

thoughts and communications are egocentric. according to Piaget, the preoperational child assumes that other people see, hear and feel the same way they do

Question 23

describe language development in the preoperational stage

Answer 23

intelligence is demonstrated through symbols. language use matures. memory and imagination are developed. thinking is non-logical and nonreversible.

Question 24

according to Piaget, egocentric thought has…

Answer 24

no function; does not provide communication; epiphenomenon of activity

Question 25

according to Piaget, socialised thought...

Answer 25

exchange with others. adult thinks socially, even when he is alone

Question 26

how did Piaget define mental maturity?

Answer 26

ratio of socialised to egocentric speech

Question 27

when did Piaget say egocentric speech comes and goes?

Answer 27

before socialised speech and dies out as it serves no useful purpose

Question 28

when did Piaget say children don't speak until?

Answer 28

until they have non-autistic thought

Question 29

what work did Barbara Rogoff do?

Answer 29

fieldwork studies of childrearing among Guatamalan Mayans. participation in alternative child-centred school in Utah. studies of girl-scout cookie selling.

Question 30

what does it mean for learning to be 'situated'

Answer 30

learning occurs as a function of the activity, context and culture in which it occurs

Question 31

what is a 'community of practice'?

Answer 31

something which learners become involved in, which embodies certain beliefs and behaviours to be acquired

Question 32

what does the sociocultural view define development as?

Answer 32

transformation of patterns of participation in joint activities. involves appropriation of tools and practices of the community

Question 33

when did Piaget say development ends?

Answer 33

when you have gone through all the stages. it is unidirectional

Question 34

when did Rogodd say development ends?

Answer 34

there is no universal endpoint. it is multidirectional. proceeds differently in different cultures

Question 35

constructivism accepts that...

Answer 35

children start with a naïve theory of physics. synthetic models created as they assimilate info into theory. new knowledge integrated with existing knowledge. existing knowledge challenged by new ideas. existing ideas strongly held

Question 36

why stay children's understanding of the earth?

Answer 36

world seems flat and stationary. actually spherical and spinning. aren't told its flat. so if they say is it that must be influenced by observations

Question 37

what are some different ways that children imagine the earth to be?

Answer 37

sphere, flattened sphere, hollow sphere, dual earth, disc earth, rectangular earth, mixed (Vosniadou & Colleagues, 2004)

Question 38

describe the mental model account (Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992)

Answer 38

children construct naïve, coherent 'mental models' based on intuitions and observations which are gradually displaced by scientific information

Question 39

describe mental models and adult's beliefs

Answer 39

mental models are methodological artefacts. the questions and insurrections confuse children. even some adults find them challenging.

Question 40

criticisms of the social view of development on the whole

Answer 40

a more developmental account of both contexts and children is needed. more description of contexts of children of various ages and developmental levels. cognitive level permits or contains processes in the zone